GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

1
INTRODUCTION

2
INTRODUCTION

D DOMAIN
K KINGDOM
P PHYLUM
8 LEVELS OF
C CLASS TAXONOMIC
O ORDER CLASSIFICATIO
N
F FAMILY
G GENUS
S SPECIES 3
INTRODUCTION
Atom
HIER Molecule
ARC Organelle
HY Cell
OF Tissue
LIFE Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome 4
Biosphere
 INTRODUCTION

CAROLUS LINNAEUS
 Father of Modern Taxonomy
 Developed the binomial nomenclature

More info on how to use this template at

www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template
This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits 5
slide or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer.
 INTRODUCTION: Kingdom Classification

CARL WOESE
ERNST HERBERT ROBERT
ARISTOTLE CARL WOESE & ERNST
HAECKEL COPELAND WHITTAKER
MAYR
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Domain Archaea

Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Domain Prokarya

Protista Protista Protista Protista Domain Eukarya

Monera Monera

Fungi Fungi

Eubacteria
More info on how to use this template at
www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template Archaebacteria
This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits 6
slide or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer.
2
KINGDOM PLANTAE
7
 HOrnwort
TRADITIONAL GROUPING OF PLANTS
LIverwort

MOSS
Non-
vascular
Fern allies
PLANT Fern
S SEEDLESS

vascular gymnosper monocot

Non-flowering
More info on how to use this template at
www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template m
SEEDED dicot
This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits
flowering
slide or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer. angiosperm 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
3
STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION OF
PLANS
18
PLANT

▰ Photosynthetic
▰ autotrophic

19
PLANT CELL : PLASTIDS
▰ Plastids – specialized pigment-containing organelles
▰ Types:
▻ Chromoplast
▻ Leukoplast
▻ Amyloplast
▻ Chloroplast – converts solar energy to chemical energy, found only
in autotrophs. It is believed to be derived from a photosynthetic
bacteria, solar energy-capturing organelle.
20
PLANT TISSUES
▰ MERISTEMS Lateral Meristem
Cambiums (cork and Vascular Cambium
▻ Apical Meristem
Dermal Tissues
▻ Intercalary Meristem Epidermal cells, guard cells, trichomes,
▻ Lateral Meristem root hairs

▰ PERMANENT TISSUES Ground Tissues

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
▻ Dermal Tissues
Vascular Tissues
▻ Ground Tissues Xylem, phloem
▻ Vascular Tissues
21
PLANT TISSUES: MERISTEMS
▰ Apical Meristem – at the tip of stems and root tip area just behind the root
cap
▰ Intercalary Meristem – present in the internodal region of stems
▰ Lateral Meristem – present in the sides of stems and roots

22
PLANT TISSUES: APICAL MERISTEM

23
PLANT TISSUES: LATERAL MERISTEM

▰ Cork and cambium

24
PLANT TISSUES
▰ MERISTEMS Lateral Meristem
Cambiums (cork and Vascular Cambium
▻ Apical Meristem
Dermal Tissues
▻ Intercalary Meristem Epidermal cells, guard cells, trichomes,
▻ Lateral Meristem root hairs

▰ PERMANENT TISSUES Ground Tissues

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
▻ Dermal Tissues
Vascular Tissues
▻ Ground Tissues Xylem, phloem
▻ Vascular Tissues
25
PLANT TISSUES: permanent tissue
▰ DERMAL TISSUES
▻ Epidermal Cells-covers body
plant, covered in cuticle in the
shoot system
▻ Guard Cells – controls the
opening and closing of the
stomata

26
27
PLANT TISSUES: permanent tissue
▰ DERMAL TISSUES
▻ Trichomes
▻ Root hairs

28
PLANT TISSUES: permanent tissue
▰ GROUND
TISSUES
PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA
+ + -
Uniformly thin walls Unevenly thickened walls Thick and rigid cell walls
Cellulose, hemicellulose, Cellulose, hemicellulose Cellulose, hemicellulose,
may have cutin plus suberin or lignin
Photosynthetic tissue of Form strands along veins Strengthening of
the leaf, soft flesh of in leaves and beneath the elements to support
fruits, storage tissue of epidermis in stems , mature plants
roots and seeds providing support and
strength 29
MAJOR PLANT CELL TYPES

30
 ▰ VASCULAR
TISSUES
PLANT TISSUES: permanent tissue
▻ Xylem
▻ Phloem

31
3.1
ROOTS
32
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: ROOT

▰ A root is an organ that anchors a

vascular plant in the soil, absorbs
minerals and water, and often
stores carbohydrates and other
reserves.
▰ Primary root vs. lateral root

33
 BASIC PLANT ORGANS: ROOT
▰ Root systems: fibrous and taproot

34
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: ROOT
▰ Root Zones
▻ Root cap – protect the delicate tissue behind it
as growth extends the roots
▻ Zone of cell division – region of rapidly
dividing cell
▻ Zone of elongation – region where cells become
several times longer and their width also
increases slightly
▻ Zone of maturation (differentiation) – cells
differentiate into specific cells 35
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

36
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

37
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

38
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

39
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

40
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

41
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

42
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

43
Storage roots

44
Storage roots

45
Storage roots

▰ Beetroot: The swelling
structure is made up of the
taproot and hypocotyl
together.

46
Storage Root

47
3.2
STEM
48
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: STEM

▰ STEM – a plant organ bearing leaves

and buds, to elongate and orient the
shoot in a way that it maximizes
photosynthesis by the leaves
▰ It contains: bud, axillary bud, node,
internode, leaf scar, and lenticels.

49
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: STEM
▰ ___________: contains apical meristems that
can produce new stems and leaves
▰ ___________: bud at the angle of branch and
stem
▰ ___________: sites where leaves are attached
▰ ___________: scar tissue where leaves are
once attached
▰ ___________: spacing between two nodes
▰ ___________: small holes in woody stems
50
51
MODIFIED PLANT STEM

▰ Rhizome, stolon, tuber

52
MODIFIED PLANT STEM

▰ Rhizome
▰ Runner/stolon
▰ Tuber
▰ Bulbs
▰ Corms
▰ Cladophylls
▰ Thorns

53
3.3
LEAVES
54
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: LEAVES

▰ LEAVES – the main photosynthetic

organ of plants; intercepts lights, site
for exchange of gases with the
atmosphere, dissipate heat, defend
plants from herbivores, and pathogens

55
BASIC PLANT ORGANS: LEAVES

▰ Leaf blade
▰ Midrib
▰ Leaf veins – contains vascular vessels
▰ Petiole – stalk that joins the leaf to the
nodes
▰ Stipules – butterfly-like appendages
found at the petioles

56
57
58
LEAF PHYLLOTAXIS

59
MODIFIED LEAVES

▰ Tendrils, spines, storage

leaves (bulb),
reproductive leaves in
kalanchoes
▰ Floral leaves (bracts)
▰ Insectivorous leaves

60
3.4
FLOWERS AND FRUITS
61
 PLANT FLOWERS
▰ Stamen – male parts; essential o.
▻ Anther – terminal sac
▻ Filament – stalk
▻ Pollen grain
▰ Carpel / pistil – female parts
▻ Stigma – sticky top portion
▻ Ovary – houses the ovules
▻ Style – hollow tube
62
▻ Ovules
 PLANT FLOWERS

▰ Petal – accessory o., brightly

colored part
▰ Corolla – collective petals
▰ Calyx – collective sepals
▰ Sepal – encloses the flower bud
▰ Perianth – corolla + calyx
▰ Receptacle – base of flower
▰ Peduncle – stalk of the flower
63
TYPES OF FLOWERS

▰ According to presence of essential and accessory organs: Complete

and Incomplete
▰ According to number of flowers: Single vs. inflorescences

▰ According to essential parts: perfect and imperfect

▰ According to size and shape: regular and irregular

64
INCOMPLETE VS. COMPLETE FLOWER

65
 PLANT FLOWERS

▰ ___________ – brightly colored part

▰ ___________– collective petals
▰ ___________ – collective sepals
▰ ___________– encloses the flower
bud
▰ ___________ – corolla + calyx
▰ ___________ – base of flower
▰ ___________ – stalk of the flower
66
FRUITS

67
 ACTIVITY 2

1. Group yourselves into 3. Create a scrapbook showing the different parts of

a plant. Choose a “complete” or “incomplete” plant and dissect it to show
the parts of the root, stem, leaves, and flowers.
2. Make sure to include the specific parts of the roots, stems, leaves, and
flowers.
3. Plant organs must be well preserved until the day of the presentation.
Lastly, make sure that the plant parts are firmly fastened.

69