Definition

• Active transport is the movement of

substances against the chemical or
electrochemical gradient.
• Uphill transport
• Energy is obtained mainly breakdown of ATP
• A.T each carrier protein can carry one or more
substances across the cell membrane.
Substances which are transported in 2 form

• Ionic form- Na+, k+, Ca+, h+, cl+, iodine

• No ionic – glucose, amino acid, urea
 Types of active substance
• Primary active transport-
1) sodium potassium pump
2) calcium pump
3) hydrogen pump
• Secondary active transport-
1)cotransport
2)counter transport
 Primary active transport
• Primary active transport is one of the
transport mechanism in which the energy is
liberated directly from the breakdown of ATP
• This mechanism ionic form substances are
transported across the cell membrane
 Sodium potassium pump
• Na+ k+ ATPase pump or ATPase
• This pump is transported Na+ from inside to
outside cell and k+ from outside to inside the
cell.
• This pump present in all cell of body
• This pump development of resting membrane
potential
 mechanism
• 3 Na+ ions are attached to the Na+ ions receptor in
inner surface of carrier protein 2 k+ ions outside
the cell bind to the k+ receptor site on the outer
surface of a carrier protein. This ions binding to
carrier protein immediately activate the enzyme
ATPase.
• This ATPase cause the breakdown of ATP into ADP
with the release of energy
• Now energy cause change in the molecule of carrier
protein
 Calcium pump
• Calcium is actively transported from inside to
outside the cell membrane by the carrier
protein called calcium pump. The energy
obtained from ATP by catalytic activity of
ATPase
• Eg. Sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle ,
mitochondria of cell
 Hydrogen pump
• Hydrogen ions is actively transported across the
cell membrane by carrier protein called hydrogen
pump.
• It obtained energy by activity of ATPase
• In stomach- parietal cells of the gastric glands are
involved in formation of hydrochloric acid
• In kidney- epithelial cell of distal convoluted
tubules and collecting ducts are involved in the
secretion of hydrogen ions from blood into urine
 Secondary active transport
• This mechanism in which energy is obtained
from the sources (other than ATP) for the
transportation of substances against
concentration gradient
• It include
1) co transport 2) counter transport
 Sodium co transport
• It is the process in which along with
sodium ,another substances is transported by
a carrier proteins. The energy released by the
movement of sodium is utilized for the
movement of another substances.
• Substances carried by sodium co transport are
glucose, amino acid, chloride, iodine,
iron ,urate
 Carrier protein for sodium cotransport

• Carrier protein for the sodium cotransport has

2 receptor site
• 1 is binding of sodium and another is binding
of other substances
• Sodium cotransport with glucose and
aminoacide
 Primary secondary difference
• Transport of molecule • Transport of 2 different
against the concentration molecule across a transport
gradient by use of ATP molecule using energy in
other forms of ATP
• Single molecule is
• 2 type of molecules are
transported
transported at once
• Ionic molecule are
• Concentration gradient of
transported across the the ions provides the
cell membrane energy for the transport of
• Trans membrane protein molecules against
are unique to the ion concentration gradient
 Sodium counter transport
• It is the process in which the substances are
transported across the cell membrane in exchange
for( sodium ions and another substance move in
opposite direction) by the carrier protein.
• Sodium counter transport system are sodium-
calcium, sodium- magnesium, sodium- potassium,
calcium- magnesium, calcium- potassium ,chloride
– bicarbonate and chloride -sulfate
What is S.A.T
 Special type of active transport
• Primary and secondary active transport
system there are some special categories of
active transport. The substances are
transported through cell membrane in the
vesicles. This type of transport mechanism are
generally are vesicular transport
• Types- 1) endocytosis 2) exocytosis 3)
transcytosis
 endocytosis
• Special type of A.T process by which large
particles move inside the cell is called
endocytosis
• Special category- pinocytosis, phagocytosis ,
receptor- mediated endocytosis
 exocytosis
• The process in which cell releases undigested
material to the outside is called exocytosis
 transcytosis
• Transcytosis is transport mechanism in which
an extracellular macromolecules enter
through one side of cell migrate across
cytoplasm of the cell and exit other site
eg. HIV