ENZYMES

 LEARNIG OBJECTIVES:-
 Meaning of catalyst and enzymes
 The importance of enzymes
 The actions performed by enzymes
i. Active site
ii. Enzyme- substrate complex
iii. Substrate and product
 Enzyme specificity in term of their shape
 The effect of change in temperature on enzyme activity in term of
kinetic energy
 The effect of changes of PH on enzyme activity.
 ENZYME CONT…………..
 Within living cells chemical reactions takes place all the time. The reactions are
called METABOLISM.
 Metabolism are speeded up by biological catalyst in the body

 CATALYST:- this is a substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction and is
not changed by the reaction.
 ENZYME:- These are proteins that function as biological catalyst.
E.g:- In alimentary canal, food molecules are broken down to smaller
soluble
molecules in the process called digestion.
 This process is speeded up by enzymes such as amylase and pepsin
 ENZYME CONT……….
 Enzymes are named according to the reaction that they catalyses
E.g
1. enzyme that catalyses' the break down of protein, they are called PROTEASE
2. Enzyme that catalyses' the break down of carbohydrate are called CARBOHYDRASE
3. If they break down fats(LIPID) they are called LIPASE
 Sometimes they are given more specific name:-

 CARBOHYDRASE:-
—— Amylase
—— maltase
——sucrase
 PROTEASE:-
—— Pepsin
—— Trypsin
THE “LOCK AND KEY” MECHANISM
 This hypothesis explain how enzyme work

 ACCORDING TO THE HYPOTHESIS

 An enzyme works by allowing the molecules of the substrate on which it is acting to fit into it.
 The fit has to be perfect
 The enzymes is like a lock into which another molecule fit like a key.
 The shape of an enzyme and substrate most be complementing to each other.
FIGURE SHOWING “KEY AND LOCK” MECHANISM OF
ENZYME
 ENZYME CONT………..
 ACTIVE SITE: it is a part of an enzymes that catalyses' the reaction
 It has the specific shape out of which a substrate fit in.
 The shape of active site and substrate must be complementary to each other. (refer to the diagram.

PROPERTIES OF ENZYME
1. All enzymes are protein.
2. Enzymes are denatured at high temperature.
—— This is because their protein structure are damaged by heat
3. Enzyme work best at particular (optimum) temperature.
—— E.g. in the human body enzyme work best at 37°C
4. Enzymes are specific
—— each kind of enzyme will only catalyses' one kind of chemical reaction.
 TEMPERATURE AND ENZYME ACTIVITY
 Most chemical reaction happen faster at higher temperature
 This is because the molecules have more kinetic energy.
 At higher temperature an enzyme is likely to bump into its substrate
more often than at lower temperatures.
 However, enzymes are damaged by high temperature.
 For most human enzymes, this begins to happen from about 40°C
upward. As the temperature increases beyond this, the enzyme molecule
start to lose their shape.
 The active site is no longer fit with the substrate. The enzymes is said to
be denatured. It can no longer catalyses' its reaction.
 The temperature at which enzyme work fastest is called optimum
temperature.
THE GRAPH SHOW HOW TEMPERATURE AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY
pH AND ENZYME ACTIVITY

 The pH of a solution affect the shape of an enzyme.

 Most of enzyme have their correct shape of pH of about 7,
that is, neutral. If the pH become very acidic or alkaline, the
they are denatured.
 This means the active site no longer fit the substrate, so
enzyme can no longer catalyses' its reaction.
 Some enzyme have an optimum temperature that is not
neutral. For example, there is a protease enzyme in the human
stomach that has an optimum pH of about 2.
 This is because we have Hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
THE GRAPH SHOWS HOW pH AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY