Our lady of Fatima university

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

MATM111
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL:
Data Management & Measures of Central tendency

Jerica Nicole R. Flores, MAEd

Lecturer
IV. Mathematics as a Tool: Data Management and Measures of Central
tendency

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5 4.6

Statistics, Measure of Measure of Quartile, Normal Correlation
Origin, and Central Variation Decile, and Distribution
Terms Tendency Percentile

Learning Outline
 IV. Mathematics as a Tool: Data Management and
Measures of Central tendency

At the end of the chapter the students are expected:

Use variety of statistical tools to

process and manage numerical data.
4.1. 4.2.
Statistics, Measure of
Origin, and Central
Terms Tendency

Learning Outcomes
BASIC STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics
• Statistics itself came from the Latin word “status”
which means state.

• From the ancient times, statistics was used by state

leaders to know how much tax to levy their subjects
and how many soldiers are needed in an expected
war.

• In capitalism, no also the leaders of the state but

also capitalists, are interested in statistical surveys
resulting to increased demand for data processing
for their increasing benefits such as insurance.
BASIC STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics
  Data in statistics is always a result of
experiment, observation, investigation
and other means and often appears as a
numerical figure and then evaluated to
make it into useful knowledge.

• For most people, “statistics” is a scary

thing that must be avoided as much as
possible because they think that it is a
collection of numbers and vague
formulas.
BASIC STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics
BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics – deals with the collection and
presentation of data and collection of summarizing values to
describe its group characteristics.

 The most common summarizing values are the measure of

central tendency and variation.

 Inferential Statistics – deals with the predictions and

inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the
results of the information gathered by the statistician.

 Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics

are the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and
Pearson r.
BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Variable – a numerical
characteristic or attribute
associated with the
population being studied.
They are further classified
as categorical or
qualitative and numerical
or quantitative.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Discrete variables – values
obtained by counting.
Continuous variables –
values obtained by
measuring, all of which
cannot be put into a list
because they can have any
value in some interval of
real numbers.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Scales of
Measurement –
subdivided into four
categories and upon
drawing inferences on a
random sample, the
type of measurement
scale must be carefully
chosen.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
a) Nominal – classifies
elements into two or
more categories or
classes, the numbers
indicating that the
elements are different
but not according to
order or magnitude
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
b) Ordinal – a scale
that ranks
individual in terms
of the degree to
which they possess
a characteristic of
interest.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
c) Interval – in addition to
ordering scores from high to
low, it also establishes a
uniform unit in the scale so
that any equal distance
between two scores is of
equal magnitude. There is
no absolute zero in this
scale.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
d) Ratio – in
addition to
being an
interval scale, it
also has an
absolute zero.
BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
 BASIC STATISTICS
Population and Sample
Population – defined as groups of
people, animals, places, things or
ideas to which any conclusions
based on characteristics of a sample
will be applied.

Sample – a subgroup of the

population.
BASIC STATISTICS
Population and Sample
 BASIC STATISTICS
Parameter and Statistic
Parameter – a numerical
measure that describes a
characteristic of the
population.
Statistic – numerical
measure that is used to
describe a characteristic of a
sample.
BASIC STATISTICS
Parameter and Statistic
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central
 To describe Tendency
a whole set of data with a single value that
represents the middle or centre of its distribution is the
purpose of measure of central tendency (measures of
centre or central location).

 To put in other words, it is a way to describe the center of a

data set.

 It lets us know what is normal or 'average' for a set of data.

 It also condenses the data set down to one representative

value, which is useful when you are working with large
amounts of data.
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures ofCentral Tendency
The mean by definition is the sum of all the values in the
observation or a dataset divided by the total number of
observations. This is also known as the arithmetic average.

 The mean can be used for both continuous and discrete

numeric data as well as for categorical data, as the values
cannot be summed.

 As the mean includes every value in the distribution the

mean is influenced by outliers (which are numbers that are
much higher or much lower than the rest of the data set)
and skewed (asymmetric) distributions.

 This measurement is applicable to use for ratio and interval

data.
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
 RECITATION
I. Find the mean of the following data:
(a) 24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 25, 32, 39, 44, 40
(b) Given then table below:
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
The median is considered as the physical middle
point in a distribution because it is located at
the center position when the values are
arranged in ascending or descending order,
which in turn divides the distribution in half
(there are 50% of observations on either side of
the median value).
 If a distribution has an odd number of
observations, the median value is the middle
value.
 If it is an even number, the median value is the
mean or average of the two middle values.
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
 RECITATION
II. Find the median in the following data:
(a)24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b)24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c) Given the table below:
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures ofCentral Tendency
The mode can be found for both numerical and
categorical (non-numerical) data. It is the most
commonly occurring value in a distribution.
 There can be more than one mode for the same
distribution of data, (bi-modal, or multi-modal),
thus limiting the ability of the mode in describing
the center of the distribution.
 In some particular cases, the distribution may
have no mode at all (i.e. if all values are
different).In such case, it may be better to
consider using the median or mean, or group the
data in to appropriate intervals, and find the
modal class.
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
 RECITATION
III. Find the mode in the following data:
(a)24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b)24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c) Given the table below:
GO FLEX!