PENDAHULUAN

PERENCANAAN FASILITAS SOSIAL

 Definisi Fasilitas Sosial
• Social facility means a place, structure, or
facility where members of an identifiable
group, such as a fraternal or service
organisation or membership association and
their guests meet on a regular basis for
purpose of sharing of common interests,
activities, and fellowship, and may include
incidental retail sales and food and beverage
service.
 Definisi Fasilitas Sosial
• Disamping fasilitas, dikenal pula istilah
infrastruktur.
– Infrastruktur merujuk pada sistem fisik yang
menyediakan transportasi, pengairan, drainase,
bangunan-bangunan gedung dan fasilitas publik
yang lain yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan dasar manusia dalam lingkup sosial
dan ekonomi (Grigg, 1988)
• Berdasarkan definisi ini, fasilitas sosial juga termasuk
kedalam infrastruktur
 Definisi Fasilitas Sosial
• Sistem Infrastruktur
• Sistem infrastruktur merupakan pendukung
utama fungsi-fungsi sistem sosial dan sistem
ekonomi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
masyarakat. Sistem infrastruktur dapat
didefinisikan sebagai fasilitas-fasilitas atau
struktur-struktur dasar, peralatan-peralatan,
instalasi-instalasi yang dibangun dan yang
dibutuhkan untuk berfungsinya sistem sosial dan
sistem ekonomi masyarakat (Grigg, 2000)
 Klasifikasi Sarana Kota
(Pemda DKI)
• Sarana Pendidikan
• Sarana Kesehatan
• Sarana Peribadatan
• Sarana Bina Sosial
• Sarana Olahraga dan Rekreasi
• Sarana Pelayanan Pemerintahan
• Sarana Perbelanjaan dan Niaga
• Sarana Transportasi
 Klasifikasi Sarana Kota
(Jepang)
• Roads, urban rapid transit, railroads, parking lots, motor vehicle terminals and
other traffic facilities
• Parks, green areas, plazas, cemeteries, and other open spaces for public usages
• Waterworks, electricity supply facilities, gas supply facilities, sewerage system,
waste treating facilities, refuse incinerating facilities, and other facilities.
• Rivers, canals and other water ways
• School, libraries, research facilities and other educational and cultural facilities
• Hospital, clinics, nursery schools and other medical and social welfare facilities
• Markets, slaughter house and crematories
• Group housing facilities
• Group Government and Public Facilities
• Distribution Business Centre
• Other Facilities
 KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
• Fasilitas sosial mempunyai hirarki
• Perencanaan fasilitas sosial idealnya
mengikuti konsep perencanaan lingkungan:
neighborhood unit
KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Definisi :
“the area within which residents may all share the common services,
social activities and a facilities required in the vicinity of the dwelling”
(Golany)

Tidak hanya teritori (fisik) tapi juga identitas sosial penghuni:

“the people collectively who live in the vicinity ... the condition of
standing in the relation of a neighbor ... a district considered with
reference to a given characteristic”.
“local areas that have physical boundaries, social networks,
concentrated use of facilities and special emotional & symbolic
connotations for their inhabitants ...”
“has definite social contacts and a recognizable physical unity” (Gibberd
1959)
 KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Plan of Radburn, NJ, Clarence Stein and Henry
Wright, 1929 (Queens Univ.)
The idea of the neighborhod unit has evolved over time. Iterations of the
neighborhood unit have been developed by Clarence Stein and Henry
Wright in Radburn, NJ (a garden city with several neighborhood units
organized around a common green and train access to Manhattan), by
Jim Rouse (the Columbia New Town: eight villages grouped around a
town center which also serves as a regional shopping mall), and a more
recent incarnation advocated by the Congress of New Urbanism.
 KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
The Neighborhood Unit Concept, Clarence Perry, 1929 (Washington State Univ.)

• In the 1920s, Clarence Perry standardized the quarter-mile as the optimal daily-
routine distance for the neighborhood unit. Writing in the New York Regional Plan
and its Environs (1929), he developed the neighborhood unit as "the framework of
a model community."
• The neighborhood unit was designed to support 6,125 residents or 1,241 families.
The spatial unit is centered on an elementary school as well as small parks and
playgrounds. At 160 acres, the neighborhood radius is one-quarter of a mile or a 5-
minute walking distance. Heavy through-traffic is confined to major arterials at the
edges of the neighborhood and an internal street system accommodates local
traffic. Local shops are also located at the periphery of the unit. These are the
principles for a low-cost suburban development. Perry provided criteria for several
types of neighborhood units including an industrial section, an apartment house
unit, and a five-block apartment-house unit (or "how a slum district might be
rehabilitated").
 KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
1. Ukuran Lingkungan (Neighborhood size)
– telah dipelajari sejak konsep Kota Taman (Ebenezer Howard,
1898)
– Neighborhood = ukuran/luasan yang diperlukan untuk
menunjang 1 SD untuk sekitar 1200 - 1500 keluarga.
– 2 N diperlukan untuk mendukung 1 SMP
– 4 N diperlukan untuk mendukung 1 SMA

Contoh:
• Columbia, Maryland  8 N membentuk satu kelurahan, terdiri dari 3.000 – 5.000
keluarga (12.000 – 20.000 penduduk)
KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
• Contoh Neighborhood Unit
 KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Ciri-ciri Neighborhood Unit:
1. Social integrity  distinct, kebersamaan, rasa tempat, identity, unity,
sense of belonging.
2. Sharing system  dasar dari kesatuan (unity):
a) Tempat tinggal bersama (common residences)
b) Penggunaan pelayanan bersama
c) Perhatian terhadap kejadian di lingkungan dan mau membela
kepentingan bersama
d) Pelayanan lingkungan yang dioperasikan sendiri (self operated
neighborhood services), misalnya sampah, siskamling, dll
Catatan: (NU untuk desentralisasi pelayanan + pengurangan transport)
3. Bertetangga  berkembang dalam waktu yang lama melalui tukar,
pinjam, bantu, gosip, tukar info, persahabatan.
4. Pemerintahan  RT/RW.
5. Swasembada (self-containment)  minimum pelayanan sehari-hari
dalam jarak dekat.
 PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING
(de Chiara & Callender 1980)
1. SIZE
• cukup untuk penghuni yang didukung oleh 1 SD
• tergantung kepadatan penduduk
2. BOUNDARIES
• dibatasi jalan arteri yang cukup lebar agar tidak masuk ke NU
3. OPEN SPACES
• disediakan taman kecil/rekreasi sesuai kebutuhan
4. INSTITUTION SITE
• dikelompokkan di pusat + rekreasi
5. LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER
• ditempatkan di tepi jalan utama
6. INTERNAL STREET SYSTEM
• hirarkhi disesuaikan dengan beban lalu lintas
• dirancang untuk melayani pergerakan internal dengan akses yang baik ke
jalan utama dan mencegah arus menerus
 Neighborhood unit principles
 Neighborhood unit principles
KONSEP NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
 Prinsip-prinsip Perencanaan Fasilitas:
Estimasi Kebutuhan Fasilitas
• Konsep Perencanaan:
– Target Oriented
– Trend Oriented
• Estimasi Kebutuhan Umumnya didasarkan
atas perkembangan jumlah penduduk
• Penduduk  Kebutuhan Fasilitas : Standar
Perencanaan Fasilitas
 Prinsip-prinsip Perencanaan Fasilitas:
Estimasi Kebutuhan Fasilitas
• Terdapat sejumlah standar yang umum digunakan dalam perencanaan
fasilitas sosial:
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: Cipta Karya Departemen PU
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: DTK DKI Jakarta
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: P4L
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: Cipta Karya untuk
Perumahan Sederhana
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: P3 DTK untuk Penjabaran
RUTR
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: Soefaat, Neighbourhood
Planning.
– Standar Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sarana Kota: Departemen Dalam Negeri.
– Standar-standar dari Departemen Terkait.
 Prinsip-prinsip Perencanaan Fasilitas:
Lokasi Fasilitas
• Lokasi fasilitas berkaitan dengan konsep
neighborhood unit
• Beberapa standar juga mengatur lokasi
fasilitas tertentu
 Prinsip-prinsip Perencanaan Fasilitas:
Pembiayaan
Sumber-sumber pembiayaan penyediaan fasilitas:
• Pemerintah
• Swasta
• Masyarakat
Sumber-sumber pembiayaan fasilitas (pendidikan) berdasarkan pengalaman
Tanzania:
• Government Budget
• Budget Support (all financial resources from various stakeholders to assist the
education sector; channeled through the government budget)
• The Project Approach (each project have its own management and reporting
system)
• Community Funding (community participation)
• The Education Fund (government, grants, and loans)
• District Education Trust Funds (initiated by local governments, source of funds:
individuals, organizations, and associations)