ANTIMICROBIALS

DEFINITION OF TERMS
• DRUGS
• a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

• a substance other than food intended to affect the structure

or function of the body

• GENERIC NAME
• The official nonproprietary (not registered or protected as a
trademark) name of a drug, chemical name of the drug
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• BRAND NAME
• A drug sold by a company under a specific name or trademark
and that is protected by a patent.

• INDICATION
• refers to the use of that drug for treating a particular disease.

• CONTRAINDICATION
• a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery
should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• ADVERSE EFFECT (ADRs)
• undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication,
generally unexpected

• SIDE EFFECT
• Secondary unwanted effect that occurs due to the drug
therapy, expected
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• ANTIMICROBIAL
• any chemical or drug used to treat an infectious disease either
by inhibiting or killing the pathogens in vivo

• ANTIBIOTIC
• Medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans
and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult
for the bacteria to grow and multiply.
 Penicillins
• Ampicillin
• Co-amoxiclav (Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid)
• Piperacillin + Tazobactam
• Carbapenem
• Meropenem
 AMPICILLIN (AMPICELO)
• Preparations: 250mg, 500mg, 1g
• Broad spectrum
• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall
synthesis
• Indications: Uncomplicated gonorrhea, ear
infections, respiratory and urinary tract
infections
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to
penicillins
 AMPICILLIN (AMPICELO)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
 CO-AMOXICLAV (MOXTAR)
• Preparations: 500mg+125mg tablet; 1000mg+
200mg vial for injection
• Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
• The clavulanic acid stops bacteria from breaking down amoxicillin, allowing the antibiotic to
work better

• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall

synthesis
• Indications: Bronchitis, bone and joint
infections, Community acquired pneumonia,
lower respiratory tract infections
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillins
 CO-AMOXICLAV (MOXTAR)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
 PIPERACILLIN+ TAZOBACTAM
(PITZTAR)
• Preparations: 4.5g, 2.5g vial powder for
injection
• Have the widest spectrum among PCNs
• Tazobactam- prevents destruction of piperacillin
• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall
synthesis
• Indications: Pneumonia, abdominal infections,
urinary tract inf, skin and soft tissue inf
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillins
 PIPERACILLIN+ TAZOBACTAM
(PITZTAR)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
 MEROPENEM (MEROSTAR)
• Preparations: 1g vial powder for injection
• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall synthesis
• Indications: treatment of severe infections caused
by drug resistant organisms, urinary tract
infections, lower respiratory tract infections,
bacterial meningitis
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to meropenem
or other carbapenems. History of anaphylactic
reaction to β-lactams (e.g., penicillins,
cephalosporins).
 MEROPENEM (MEROSTAR)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, skin rashes
• Brands:
 Cephalosporins
• Cefixime
• Cefepime

• Classified based on spectrum of activity

 CEFIXIME (TRIFIX)
• Preparations: 200mg tablet
• 3rd Generation- wider activity against G(-)
• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall
synthesis
• Indications: Bronchitis, secondary infections
in chronic resp tract diseases, pneumonia,
UTI, sinusitis, tonsilitis
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to
penicillin
 CEFIXIME (TRIFIX)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
 CEFEPIME (STARPIME)
• Preparations: 1g vial powder for injection
• 4th Generation- highly resistant to enzymes
• Mechanism: Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall
synthesis reducing cell wall stability and thus
causing lysis.
• Indications: Abdominal infections, Respiratory
tract infections, Skin and skin structure
infections, Urinary tract infections
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to
penicillins
 CEFEPIME (STARPIME)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
 Macrolides
• Azithromycin
 AZITHROMYCIN
(AZIGUARD 500)
• Preparations: 500mg tablet
• Mechanism: bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial
protein synthesis
• Indications: Community acquired pneumonia,
uncomplicated gonorrhea, respiratory tract
infections, skin and soft tissue infections, pharyngitis,
uncomplicated infections due to chlamydia
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to macrolide
antibiotics. History of hepatic dysfunction/cholestatic
jaundice following previous antibiotic use.
 AZITHROMYCIN
(AZIGUARD 500)
• Adverse Effect: Nausea, vomiting,
• Brands:
THANK YOU!