MOOD DISORDERS AND

SCHIZOPHRENIA
Ch. 9 & 11
Symptoms of Depression

Cognitive Poor concentration, indecisiveness,

poor self-esteem, hopelessness,
suicidal thoughts, delusions

Physiological and Sleep or appetite disturbances,

Behavioral psychomotor problems, catatonia,
fatigue, loss of memory

Emotional Sadness, depressed mood,

anhedonia (loss of interest or
pleasure in usual activities), irritability
 Major Depression Dysthymic Disorder

5 or more symptoms 3 or more symptoms

including sadness or loss of including depressed mood
Number of
symptoms

interest or pleasure

At least 2 weeks in At least 2 years in duration

Duration

duration
Subtypes of Depression
 w/Melancholic features
 w/Psychotic features
 w/Seasonal patterns
 w/Catatonic features
 w/Atypical features
 w/Postpartum onset

Andrea Yates
 Prevalence and Prognosis

Among adults, 15-to-24-year olds are most likely to have had a

major depressive episode in the past month.
Depression is less common among children than among adults.
Depression may be most likely to leave psychological and social
scars if it occurs initially during childhood, rather than during
adulthood
 Age Differences in Depression

7
depression in last month

5
Percent with major

4
3
2
1
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54
Age (in years)
Biological Theories
 Genetic
 Neurotransmitter
 Neurophysiological abnormalities
 Neuroendocrine abnormalities
 Risk of Bipolar Disorder

70
60
Percent with bipolar disorder

50
40
30
20
10
0
MZ twins DZ twins Sibs, parents, Biological parents Second-degree General population
children of BP adoptees relatives
Bipolar Disorder
 Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
 Bipolar I – depression & mania
 Bipolar II – depression & hypomania
 Cyclothymic Disorder

Living with Bipolar Disord

er
Psychological Theories of Mood Disorders

Behavioral Theories
Lewinsohn’s theory
Learned helplessness theory

Cognitive Theories
Aaron Beck’s Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Introjected hostility
Dependency on others’ evaluations
Social Perspectives

 The Cohort Effect

 Social Status
 Cross-Cultural Differences
Biological Treatments
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
 Light Therapy
 Drug treatments
 Lithium, antipsychotics (Bipolar Disorder)
 Antidepressants
 Tricyclic
 SSRIs
 MAOIs
Psychological Treatments for Depression

Behavioral Therapy
Increase positive reinforcers and decrease aversive events by teaching
the person new skills for managing interpersonal situations and the
environment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Challenge distorted thinking and help the person learn more adaptive
ways of thinking and new behavioral skills
Psychodynamic Therapy
Help the person gain insight to unconscious hostility and fears of
abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors
Schizophrenia
 Positive Symptoms: Type 1
 Delusions
 Persecutory
 Delusion of Reference
 Grandiose Delusions
 Hallucinations
 Disorganized Thought and Speech
 Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
Schizophrenia
 Negative Symptoms: Type II
 Affective Flattening
 Alogia
 Avolition
DSM-IV Criteria for Schizophrenia

 A. Core symptoms: two or more of the following

present for at least a 1-month period
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
DSM-IV Criteria for Schizophrenia, continued

 B. Social/occupational functioning: significant

impairment in work, academic performance,
interpersonal relationships, and/or self-care
 C. Duration: continuous signs of the disturbance
for at least 6 months; at least 1 month of this period
must include symptoms that meet Criterion A.
DSM IV Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder

A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which,

at some time, there is either a major depressive
episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode
concurrent with symptoms that meet Criterion A
for schizophrenia.
DSM IV Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder,
continued

 B. During the same period of illness, there have been

delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the
absence of prominent mood symptoms.
 C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a mood episode
are present for a substantial portion of the total
duration of the active and residual periods of the
illness
Prognosis of Schizophrenia
 Age and Gender Factors
 Sociocultural Factors
Biological Theories of Schizophrenia

 Genetic Theories
 Structural Brain Abnormalities
 Birth Complications & Prenatal Viral
Exposure
 Neurotransmitter Theories
Schizophrenia – Ventricle Abnormalities
Treatments for Schizophrenia
 Biological Treatments
 Behavioral, Cognitive and Social Interventions
 Cross-Cultural Treatments
Theories of Schizophrenia

Psychological Controlling parents, schizophrenogenic mothers

Theories (scientific scrutiny of this theory)

Sociocultural Impact of stressful social situations,

Perspectives environmental conditions

Family Interactions Family communication theories, communication

and Schizophrenia deviance, expressed emotion

Stress and Rare that anyone would experience full-blown

Schizophrenia schizophrenia in response to a stressful event.
Still, it is more likely that those with
schizophrenia may live in a more stressful
environment