8

Overview of 4 types of transformation

6 A ‘transformation’ is
applying some spatial
modification to a shape.
There are 4 main types of
4
transformation…

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-2

-4

Click to Click to Click to Click to

ROTATE REFLECT -6TRANSLATE ENLARGE
 8
Translation
6

2
B
A change in is +6 change in is +1

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Describing
-2 The first mark of any ‘describe’
Q: “Describe the transformation question comes from identifying
from A to B” which type of transformation it is.
What type(1?mark)
A translation -4
This is known as a vector. While coordinates
by (1 mark) describe the position of a point, vectors
What else can we say ? describe the movement of a point (where is
-6 the change in and is the change in ).
You will learn more about vectors at GCSE.
 8
More Examples
Describe the transformation from
A to B in each case. 6

A
4

B
B

A
A translation by A translation by
Describe ? Describe ?

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-2
A
A
-4 A translation by
Describe ?
B

A translation by -6
Describe ? B
 Check Your Understanding8
6
B

4
R
D
2
C A
Q

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
Describe the transformation from:
-2 A to B: A translation by
E ?
A to C: A translation by
F A to D: A translation?by
-4 A to E: A translation by
A to F: A translation?by
Translate shape Q by the vector . Label it R.
-6
?
Reveal ?
Exercise
1 Give a single vector that would be required to translate a point in the way described:
a) Up 3 units.
b) Left 2 units. ?
c) Down 7 units and right 6 units. ?
d) Up 1 unit, right 2 units, down 3 units, left 4 units:
?
A point is translated by .
What is the image of the point ?
after the transformation?
2
(not which is a vector!)

?
 8
Reflection
Pick a point on the blue line and determine 6
𝑦
its coordinates.
1) What property is always true about the
point, regardless of which you pick?
4
The value is the same ? as the value.

2) Therefore, what suitable equation could

‘represent’ the line? 2

? 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4 Note: is also acceptable, but

as the equation is read left
to right, we tend to put the
-6 on the left-hand-side of the
equation.
 8
Reflection
Pick a point on the blue line and determine 6
𝑦
its coordinates.
1) What property is always true about the
point, regardless of which you pick?
4
The value is always 5.
?
2) Therefore, what suitable equation could
‘represent’ the line? 2

?
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

Bro Tip: Students often get

and mixed up. We can see -4
the line is cutting the 5 on
the -axis, so it’s .
-6
 8
Mini-Exercise
By considering points on each 𝑦
6
line and observing any pattern,
determine the equation the
represents the line.
4

A 𝒚 =? 𝟐
2

𝑥
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-2 N
C
B 𝒙+ 𝒚?=𝟒
-4 𝒚 =?− 𝒙
𝒙 =−𝟒
?
-6
 8
Describing Reflections
Describe the transformation from to .
𝑦
6

Click to
IDENTIFY LINE OF
4
REFLECTION

A 2 B

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4
“A reflection in ?the line .”
-6
 8
Further Example
Describe the transformation from to .
𝑦
6

Click to
IDENTIFY LINE OF
4
REFLECTION

A 2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4
B
“A reflection in ?the line .”
-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
𝑦
6

4
A B

D
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
C
-2

-4
Describe the transformation from:
a) to A reflection in the -axis? (or )
b) to A reflection in the line?
c) -6
to A reflection in the line?
 8
DOING a Reflection
Reflect the shape in the line 𝑦
6

2
A

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

STEP 1: Draw the reflection line using the

given equation. -4

STEP 2: For each point on your shape, move

directly towards the reflection line. Then go -6
the same number of squares beyond.
 8
Further Example
Reflect the shape in the line 𝑦
6

2
A

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
𝑦
6

4
A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
BB
-2
CC
-4

a) Reflect the shape in the line . Label it B. Reveal >

-6
b) Reflect the shape in the line . Label it C.
Reveal >
Exercise

Click to show B
solutions C

Reflect each shape in the nearest line

of reflection.
 8
Exercise
𝑦
a) Plot the points (3,0), (4,0), (7,1), (2,3). 6
Label it Bob.
b) Reflect your shape in the line . Label it
Steve. 4
A
Click to show
2
solutions
Bob
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
Steve
-4

-6
Exercise
𝑙2
𝑙1
A

Click to show
solutions

B
C

Reflect the shape in the line followed by the line .

Exercise
Find the image of each transformation on the point (3, 4) (i.e. give the
coordinate of the new point).
a) (3,4) is reflected
in the -axis.
?
b) (3,4) is reflected
in the -axis.
( ?
c) (3,4) is reflected
in the line .
?
d) (3,4) is reflected
in the line
?
e) (3,4) is reflected
in the line
?
Exercise
N Find the image of each transformation on the point , giving your
coordinates in terms of and .
a) is reflected
in the line .
?
b) is reflected
in the line .
?
c) is reflected
in the line .
?
d) is reflected
in the line
followed by .
?
 8
Rotation
Rotate the shape A about the point
𝑦
6 Step 1: Draw in your
centre of rotation!
A
Step 2: For each point
4
on your shape, count
A
A the squares left/right
and up/down to the
2
centre of rotation,
then go that number
of squares again. 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

‘Cheat’: You can also

B
-2
C
use tracing paper. Draw
the shape and the
centre of rotation on -4 Tip: Students often try
the tracing paper. to ‘second guess’ the
Then just rotate your remaining points, and
tracing paper around frequently get it wrong
your point. -6
when they do so.
 8
Doing a rotation
Rotate the shape A clockwise about the
𝑦
6 Step 1: Draw in your
point centre of rotation!
A
Step 2: This time, for
4
each point, the counts
A
A SWAP, i.e. left/right
becomes up/down
2
1
2 and vice versa.
Use common sense to
2 1
get the correct 𝑥
direction.
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
-4 Tip: Tracing paper is
probably easier for if
you have it available!
-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
Rotate the object 180° about the point 6
(1,1).

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-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
Rotate the object 90° anticlockwise 6
about the point (2,2).

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
Rotate the object 90° clockwise about 6
the origin

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
 8
Rotation - Describing
𝑦
6
Reminder:
The original shape
is known as the: 4
OBJECT ?
A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
BReminder:
-2 The shape after being
C transformed is known as the:
Click to ROTATE IMAGE ?
-4
“Describe the transformation (3 marks)”
A rotation ? (1 mark)
-6 ? (1 mark)
by anticlockwise
about the centre (2,2) (1 mark)
?
Identifying the centre of rotation 8
For rotations, identify two equivalent points (one on each shape), join them up, then find
their midpoint. ? 𝑦
6

4
Object

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

Image
-4
“Describe the transformation (3 marks)”
A rotation ? (1 mark)
by ?(1 mark) -6
?
about the centre (-1,0) (1 mark)
Identifying the centre of rotation 8
It’s harder if it’s .
6

We can see this point

4 works because the
Image counts of 3 and 1
squares ‘swap’. And it
2 looks like a right angle!

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-2
Object Let’s pick these two points on the object
and image which correspond to each
-4 other.
Then keep trying sensible looking points
until you find one that works.
-6 Recall that rotations causes the two
counts to ‘swap’.
Identifying the centre of rotation 8

6
Image

4
Object
2

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-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
Describe the following 𝑦
6
transformations.
A B
A rotation 180° about the point B
(-2, 1) ? 4
C
C D
A rotation 90° clockwise about 2
the origin/the ?
point (0,0)
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
A

-4 D

-6
 8
Exercise
𝑦
6

A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4B 6 8 10

-2
Click to show
Carry out the following
solutions
transformations:
C -4
a) Rotate the shape A about the point .
Label it B.

-6 b) Rotate the shape A anticlockwise

about the origin. Label it C.
 8
Exercise
𝑦
6

Describe the following transformations:

4 A B
Rotation about the?point
A
B C
2 Rotation anticlockwise about the
origin. ?
B 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2 C
B
-4

-6
 8
Exercise
𝑦
Describe the following transformations: 6
A B
Rotation about the?point
A C
4
Rotation clockwise about the point
A D ?
A
Rotation clockwise about the point
2
?
B 𝑥
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-2
B
C
-4

D
-6
Exercise
Find the effect of the rotation on each of the following points.
a) Rotate about the origin. ?
b) Rotate clockwise about the origin. ?
c) Rotate anticlockwise about the origin. ?
 y
Enlargement 4

It’s becoming 2 times

3
as wide.
Image It’s becoming 4 times
2
in size in terms of area.

1
Object

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

It’s being enlarged

about some point. -2

Clearly this shape is being -3

‘enlarged’ in some way. What two
Click to Start
things might describe such a
-4 animation
transformation?
 y
Describing an Enlargement 4

3 ...by a scale factor of 2.

Image
2

1
Object

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

An enlargement about the point -2

(-5, -1)

-3

-4
 y
Example 4

Describe enlargement from A to B.

3

2
B
The centre of enlargement.
1
A
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

The distance from the centre is

being tripled, so we have -2
enlargement by a scale factor of 3.
-3

“Enlargement about the point (-3, 1) by a scale factor of 3.”

-4
 y
Example 4

Describe enlargement from A to B.

3

2
A

1
B
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

“Enlargement about the point (-3, 1) by a scale factor of .”

-4
 y
Test Your Understanding 4

Describe enlargement 3
from A to B.
2

1
B

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

A
-2

-3

-4
“Enlargement about the point (-2, -3) by a scale factor of .”
 y
Drawing an Enlargement 4

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of 2 about the point (0,-2)

3

1 Image

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1
Object

-2

-3

The approach is to take each vertex on the object one at a time, count the
squares across and up/down from the centre,
-4 and times each by the scale factor
 y
Example 4

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of about the point (-3,-1)

3

1
Image

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

Object
-2

-3

-4
 y
Test Your Understanding 4

Object
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

Image -2

-3

-4
Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of about the point (1,3)
 y
Negative Enlargement 4

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of -1 about the point (0,2)

3

2
Image
1
Object

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

-4 principle is exactly the same. Any

Tip: When the scale factor is negative, the
‘negative distances’ go in the opposite direction.
 y
Test Your Understanding 4

1 Object

Image
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of -2 about the point (1,1)

-4
 y
Test Your Understanding 4

2
Image
1 Object

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of -0.5 about the point (0,2)
-4
 y
Test Your Understanding 4

1 Object

Image
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

-4

Enlarge the shape by a scale factor of -1.5 about the point (1,1)
 y
Recap 4

3 𝐴 𝐶
2

Object
1
𝐵
Image
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

Enlarge the shape by a scale of -3

about the point .

Point A maps to .
Point C maps to
? Point B maps
-4
to
?
?
 Combined Transformations Investigation

A reflection in the -axis followed by a

reflection in the -axis. ? Example
A rotation about the origin.

𝑦
Can be done with a single
transformation:
Rotation about the Obj
origin.
Reflection in -axis
𝑥
Reflection in -axis

Img
Why would it have been a bad
idea to use a square?
We wouldn’t be able to tell whether
the single transformation was a
?
rotation or a reflection. Use non-
isosceles right-angled triangles.