Electromagnetic wave and

Transmission line
INTRODUCTION
Bewnet G
It is a subject Which has been fascinating human beings for many centuries.
• In ancient days people used to asked questions like
 Why stars twinkling while planets do not?
 why there is lightning?
 Why magnetic needle deflect When it is putted in the environment?
 How light reach the earth from the sun Where there is no medium in
between?
• In modern days people also try to investigate issues like
 How radio stations operated?
 How Tv reception occurred?
 How do the mobile phone works?
 Why Tv reception is good in some parts of the house and not at other places?
 Why radio transmission in medium wave does not fluctuate with time whereas short wave
radio transmission does?
• All these phenomenon involves electromagnetism and almost all modern
gadgets works with the principle of electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic Energy Is
Everywhere
EM phenomena
1. Low frequency high power
- Electrical machines, transformers, power generation, transmission and
distribution of electric energy.
2. High frequency low power
- Mobile communication, radar, satellite comm, optical fiber comm
• In this course we are going to develop the principles of electromagnetism
and investigate how time varying EM wave behaves.
Maxwell’s equations E = electric field intensity
In general EM phenomena is governed by the following
D = electric displacement(electric field density)
four Maxwell’s equations
Relate Electric and Magnetic fields generated by charge H = magnetic field intensity
and current distributions. B = magnetic flux density
constitutive relations
= charge density
j = current density
0 (permeability of free space) = 4 x10-7

0 (permittivity of free space) = 8.854 x 10-12

c (speed of light) = 2.99792458 x 108 m/s

- del(vector differential operator)

-Dot product
You, as a student, are not expected to memorize them , you are expected to -Cross product
know them! The intellectual and even the visceral understanding of these
equations is what this course and much of electrical and computer engineering
is about.
 Electromagnetic
spectrum

Optical
fiber
coaxial cable

High frequency – high bandwidth

Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Spectrum as a natural resource:
 equally available in every country; no input
 unlike the other resources can travel across national boundaries; e nt
 cannot be destructed, but it can be abused; ge m
na
 is a limited resource. Ma
Demand
 Supports:
 National & international communications including:
 National defense , public safety, PCs,
 Aeronautical & maritime communications,
 Navigation, Broadcasting, Assignment
 Business, & Industrial communications, etc..
 How?
by means of an effective & efficient management and monitoring
system.
Applications of Electromagnetic phenomena
• Renewable energy and energy conversion
• Electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems
• Transmission lines and HF circuits
• Antenna
• Satellite communication
• Fiber optic communication
• Cellular wireless communication
• Radar
Twisted pair cable coaxial cable
-Telephone line -LAN
-Low data rate -data rate few Mbps
-High EMI -low EMI
-Lossy at high frequency -Moderate Loss
-Large bandwidth

Transmission media

waveguide

-Low bandwidth
-Low Loss at high frequency
Antenna
Antenna Pattern
• Omnidirectional vs
directional
• Resonant vs non Graphically editable Graphically editable
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
resonant
• Wire type vs
aperture type
• Size of antennas
• Smart antennas 3D radiation
pattern
• Array antenna

Antenna
Fill mode Mesh mode Specification
Satellite communication
* Large bandwidth L-band - (1-2GHz) K –band – (12-18GHz)
* Long distance S-band – (2-4GHz) ku-band – (18-27GHz)
* longer delay C-band – (4-8GHz) ka-band – (27-40GHz)
* Mobility x-band – (8-12GHz)
Fiber optic communication
Propagation of light through optical fiber cable
Total internal reflection
Bending
Light sources LASER , LED
Consider a ray traveling from a medium of high index to one of
low index:
And no light penetrates the second medium at all – all of the
light must be reflected.
This is called the ‘critical angle’ at or above which incident light
will be totally reflected. This is the way that optical fibers
contain light.
Wireless and mobile communication
• Require various aspects of EM principles
• Cellular communication Base station , users, cell
• Multipath propagation (reflection, diffraction, scattering )
• Depending on the length of travel the wave will have either constructive or destructive
interference
• As the user moves the strength of the wave varies as a function of time. This phenomena
is called fading.
• Co channel interference
Typical propagation environnements

macro cell
Fig 3.1 Typical propagation
environnements
To design and install successful and feasible wireless link properly developed propagation
model is highly required. To develop propagation model of the complex EM environment
electromagnetic principles are employed.
Propagation Model Loss
component
s

Fresnel
zone
HATA model parameter
justification

Path
profile

ITU-R P.1546 model

parameter justification
RADAR Antenn
a
• Detection and measurement Targe
• Long range detection of targets t
Waveguid
• Clutter e
Transmitter Receiver
• Radar resolution Duplexe
r
Signal
Mast processo
PPI Display of Heavy Rain
Modulat er r
clock (comput
or er)
EMI/EMC
• How to avoid harmful interference
• Mitigation of EMI (filtering, grounding, shielding)
• Electromagnetic compatibility of devices and
environment
• IOT and 5G
• Policy, standard, regulations, laws
• Monitoring and control
Monitoring Station
Field-strength and signal
quality measurement
Direction-finding and
locating
Monitoring of radio station
Monitoring
station characteristics
Search for interference-
faulty emission
Data
base
Broadcasting
Network planning
cellular
Determination of Broadcasting
coverage area
cellular
Search for unknown transmitters
Identification
Search for spurious radiation
Search for, and measurement of
spurious radiation
Bandwidth
Frequency measurements
Identification and location
Tests
Analysis and search for the cause
Advice
Occupancy
Long-term measurements for
propagation study project
 Deliver power more reliably and efficiently
Smart grid control systems while remaining environmentally friendly,
economical, and safe. Main Power
Distribution
Propulsion Motor Prime
Generator
Motor Drive Mover

Power Ship
Conversion Service
Module Power