Presentation by P.M.

Oagile
University Of Botswana
Department of Civil Engineering
 COURSE SYNOPSIS
 ENIVRONMENTAL SANITATION
 TYPES OF SANITATION SYSTEMS.
 ENVIRONEMTAL HEALTH;
 PRACTICES.
 FUCTIONS.

 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

 PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS IN SWM
 SWM – AN OVERVIEW.
 DAY TO DAY SWM.
 ENGINEERED SYSTEMS FOR SWM.
 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS IN SWM
 ENGINEERED SYSTEMS FOR RESOURCE AND ENERGY RECOVERY.
 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE.
 EIA – PRINCIPLE & CONCEPTS.
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
MSW entails “wastes arising from both human and animal
activities that are normally discarded as useless, unwanted
and of no further use.
The composition of MSW varies greatly from municipality
to municipality (country to country) and changes
significantly with time.
SWM entails the generation, identification, prevention,
characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse
and residual disposition of solid wastes.
Solid Waste Management hierarchy – Functional Elements
 Functional Elements in Solid Waste
Management
SWM – Issues.
 Generation of waste. – Rates??
 Waste Minimization.
 Waste Management – Functional Elements
 Identification / Collection.

 Waste Transportation.

 Storage, collection,

 Transport and transfer .

 Treatment .

 Disposal.

 Environmental, Financial Considerations

 Policy and regulations.

 Education and training .

 Planning and implementation.

Interrelationship of Functional Elements in
MSW
Waste Generation

Waste Preparation

Collection

Transfer + Storage Processing +

Recovery

Disposal
 WASTE GENERATION - SOURCES
Those activities in which materials are generated &
identified as of no value.
This occurs at the source.
Waste generation Sources
Resource exploitation
 Material Flow in a society
Construction/Demolition
Modification
 GENERAL WASTE HANDLING
Refers to the handling and seperation, storange and
processing of waste at the source prior to disposal.
Waste handling is a function of the characteristics of
waste.
Waste handling helps in identification, collection,
seperation, storage, transfer, processing, recycling,
incineration, treatment & disposal.
This provision is refered to as functional elements in
SWM.
 WASTE COLLECTION
Those activities associated with the gathering of solid
wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to
the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.
Source to storage
Source to processing
Source to transport/transfer stations
Source to disposal.
On Site Handling of Solid Waste
Those activities associated with the gathering of solid
wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to
the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.
Source to storage
Source to processing
Source to transport/transfer stations
Source to disposal.
On Site Handling of Solid Waste
On Site Handling of Solid Waste
On Site Handling of Solid Waste
 Transfer and transport
Those activities associated with
the transfer of wastes from smaller containers to larger
containers.
the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection
vehicle to the larger transport equipment.
Transfer of waster from one station to another.
the subsequent transport of the wastes to the disposal
site.
Storage of Solid Waste
 Processing and recovery
Those techniques cover equipment and facilities used
 to improve the efficiency of the other functional
elements and to recover materials or energy from solid
wastes.
Engineered Systems for SWM
 Disposal
Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of
solid waste, including those waste collected and
transported directly to landfill site.
 Factors to Consider in SWM
Generation rates of waste.
Waste Minimization.
Collection.
Waste Transportation.
Storage, collection,
Transport and transfer .
Treatment/Processing .
Disposal.
 MSW - PURPOSE
To;
- identify various types, sources, kinds and
compositions of wastes
- examine different properties of wastes.
- apply engineering techniques for solid waste
management.
- apply engineering systems for material and
energy recovery from solid waste
- prepare wastes for final treatment and disposal
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLANNING - MSW

 identify problems or needs

 establish aims and objectives
 preparation of time planning charts
 project implementation
 evaluation and monitory
 appraisal
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aims can be described as general
statements of overall intention of
movement from one point to another.
Aims usually answer the question; What do
we want to achieve?
Objectives are short term, comparatively
precise statements which guide the staff
towards the broader and more general aim.
Objectives must contain an action verb i.e.;
must do.
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

Objective
6
Objective 5
Objective 4
Objective 3
Objective 2
Objective 1
 TIME PLANNING CHART IN SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Task Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

Activity 4
 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES
 Three Broad Categories;
 Municipal Wastes
 Industrial Wastes
 Hazardous Wastes
SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL WASTES
 Residential Wastes
 Commercial Wastes
 Institutional Wastes
 Open spaces
 Treatment Plants
 MSW BY TYPE, SOURCE, KIND AND
COMPOSITION.
Kind Composition Source
Garbage Wastes from food preparation, cooking Households,
handling, storage, sale and produce
Rubbish Paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, tree Stores, restaurants
tree branches, trimmings etc markets etc
Ashes residue from fires used for cooking and hospitals, schools
heating, incineration
Street refuse leaves, trimmings, dirt (dust) sidewalks, alleys.
streets
Industrial wastes food processing wastes, scraps shavings Power plants
WWTP, factories
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Industrial wastes are wastes arising
from industrial activities;

Construction, Manufacturing plants/ factories

Demolition sites.
New construction and re – modeling.
Power plants.
Processing Plants etc.
 SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
Wastes generated from industrial activities or plants that pose
a substantial danger to both human and animal life.
Examples;
 biological wastes
 chemical wastes
 radioactive wastes or substances
 Clinical wastes etc
Hazardous wastes poses the following characteristics;
 ignitability
 corrosivity
 reactivity
 toxicity
 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES
KIND, TYPE SOURCE & COMPOSITION
Garbage
Rubbish
Ashes
Dead animals
Scrap metals
Demolition wastes
Construction wastes
Special wastes
 PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTES
Importance
Evaluation of;
Types of equipment
Types of systems

Management programs and plans

 PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTES
Physical Composition – Importance,
Entails
Individual components.
Particle size.
Particle texture.
Moisture content.
 Expressed as mass of moisture per unit mass of wet material.
 Mathematically;
 MOISTURE CONTENT
Where;
MCwb = Moisture content wet basis [%]
MCdb = Moisture content dry basis [%]
Wi = Initial weight
Wf = Final weight
 PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTES
Chemical Composition – Importance
Data on the chemical composition of solid wastes is
important in the evaluation of alternative processing and
energy recovery systems.
If wastes are to be used as fuel, then the following
properties are of paramount importance.
Proximate analysis.
 Moisture.
 Volatile matter.

 Ash content.

 Fixed carbon