GOOD DAY!!!!!

STUDY THE DIAGRAM

FOOD  ENERGY  ATP  CELLS

 DESCRIBE THE DIAGRAM?
 WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM?
 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ATP?
 WHY ARE ATPs IMPORTANT?
 EVERY TASK OF THE BODY REQUIRES ENERGY.
 AT CELLULAR LEVEL, BODY CELLS NEED A
STEADY SUPPLY OF ENERGY TO KEEP THE
ORGANISM ALIVE.
 ENERGY IS PROVIDED BY THE NUTRIENTS IN THE FOOD
RECEIVED VIA THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
 THE SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX
MOLECULES OCCUR THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS
THAT RELEASE ENERGY OR RWUIRE ENERGY TO OCCUR
 NO CELL IN THE BODY CAN MAKE EENRGY, BUT INSTEAD IT MUST GET
ENERGY FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
 THIS IS THE REASON WHY FOOD MUST BE CONSUMED SO THAT CELLS ARE
REPLENISHED AND SUPPLIED WITH NUTRIENTS.
 LIVING THINGS DEPEND ON ENERGY
 CELL IN THE BODY NEED ENERGY TO PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS.
 ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE OR ATP PROVIDES ENERGY FOR THE
MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF CELLS
 ATP

 NUCLEOSIDE ADENOSINE
 ADENINE
 RIBOSE
 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
 3 PHOSPHATE
 ALPHA
 BETA
 GAMMA
ATP

 IT IS ALSO CALLED THE “ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELLS”

 ALL ORGANISMS FROM THE TINIEST BACTERIA TO HUMANS USE ATP AS
THEIR PRIMARY ENERGY CURRENCY
 THE ENERGY LEVEL IT CARRIES IS JUST SUFFICIENT FOR MOST BIOLOGICAL
REACTIONS
 IT IS USED TO BUILD COMPLEX MOLECULES, FOR THEMOVEMENT OF CILIA
AND FLAGELLA, CONTRACT MUSCLES, GENERATE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE IN
NERVE AND MANY MORE
ATP

 ATP TRANSORTS CHEMICAL ENERGY WITHIN CELLS FOR METABOLISM.

 IT STORES ENERGY WITHIN ITS CHEMICAL BONDS AND DIFFUSES
THROUGHOUT THE CELL, TRANSPORTING THE ENERGY TO THE PLACE
WHERE THE ENERGY IS NEEDED
 ENERGY IS USUSALLY LIBERATED FROM ATP WHEN IT IS BROKEN DOWN,
REMOVING ONE OF THE PHOSPHATE GROUP, LEAVING ADENOSINE
DIPHOSPHATE (ADP)
ATP-ADP CYCLE
KEY POINTS

 ENERGY IS STORED FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD MOLECULES. THE

PHOSPHATE BOND IN ATP ARE VERY HELP FUL FOR STORING ENERGY
 ENERGY THAT IS RELEASED DURING BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICAL BONDS
LINKING THE PHOSPHATE GROUPS IN ATP IS USED BY THE CELLS TO DO
THEIR FUNCTIONS
 THE USED UP ENERGY, THE ADP HAS A REDUCED AMOUNT OF CHEMICAL
ENERGY THAN ATP
 IN MAKING ATP, ENERGY THAT IS RELEASED DURING CHEMICAL PROCESSES
AND SERIES OF REACTIONS ARE USED TO BOND A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO
ADP
 UNLIKE GLYCOGEN AND FATS, ATP IS A SHORT TERM ENERGY-STORAGE
MOLECULE.
 EACH CELL APPROXIMATELY CONTAINS ABOUT ONE BILLION ATP
MOLECULES
 THIS AMOUNT IS ENOUGH FOR THAT CELL’S NEEDS FOR ONLY A FEW
MINUTES AND MUST BE RAPIDLY RECYCLED.
 FOR INSTANCE, WITHOUT RAPID RECONVERSION OF ATP IN THE CELLS, A
MARATHON RUNNER WILL ONLY LAST A SHORT DISTANCE
 ATP IS LINKED TO A PROCESS KNOW AS COUPLED REACTIONS
 IT MEANS THE TWO REACTIONS OCCUR AT THE SAME TIME AND AT THE
SAME PLACE
 ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS EITHER GIVE OFF (EXOTHERMIC) OR TAKE IN
(ENDOTHERMIC) ENERGY
 IN COUPLED REACTION, AN EXOTHERMIC REACTION SUPPLIES ENERGY
NEEDED TO DRIVE AN ENDOTHEMIC REACTION
 FOR EXAMPLE IN PLANTS, BY THE AID OF SUNLIGHT (EXOTHERMIC
REACTION), HIGH ENERGY GLUCOSE MOLECULES ARE SYNTHESIZED
(ENDOTHERMIC REACTION) FORM CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER
 THE EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC PROCESSES OF COUPLED REACTIONS
HAPPEN IN VARIOUS PLACES WITHIN A CELL, SO THERE ARE SOME MEANS
TO TRANSFER THE ENERGY FROM EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS THAT GIVE OFF
ENERGY TO THE ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS THAT NEED IT
 IN COUPLED REACTIONS, ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE SITE TO
ANOTHER BY ENERGY-CARRIER MOLECULES SUCH AS ATP
 THE RELEASE OF PHOSPHATE FROM ATP IS EXOTHERMIC AND THE
REACTION IT IS CONNECTED TO IS ENDOTHERMIC
 THE TERMINAL PHOSPHATE GROUP IS THEN TRANSFERRED BY HYDROLYSIS
TO ANOTHER COMPOUND, A PROCESS CALLED PHOSPHORYLATION,
PRODUCING ADP, PHOSPHATE (Pi) AND ENERGY.
 IF THIS IS UNCOUPLED, THE ENERGY MERELY TRANSFORMS INTO HEAT.
 SINCE IT IS COUPLED, THE ENERGY CAN BE USED TO FUEL OTHER
PROCESSES LIKE IN THE CASE OF ATP-ADP REACTION TO A CERTAIN
PROTEIN, THE ENERGY CAN BE USED TO MODIFY THE SHAPE OF THAT
PROTEIN
QUESTIONS

 WHAT IS ATP?
 WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF ATP?
 WHAT ARE PRODUCED IN PHOSPHORYLATION?
FACT OR BLUFF

 ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY TO LIVE AND

SURVIVE.
 FACT
 HUMAN BODY CELLS CAN MAKE ENERGY.
 BLUFF
 ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IS COMPOSED OF ADENOSINE
CONNECTED TO TWO PHOSPHATE GROUP
 BLUFF
 EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS GIVE OFF ENERGY WHILE
ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS TAKE IN ENERGY.
 FACT
 WHEN ENERGY IS RELEASED THROUGH HYDROLYSIS, ATP
BECOMES ENERGY DEFICIENT ADP, HAVING ONLY TWO
PHOSPHATE GROUP LEFT IN THE SEQUENCE INSTEAD OF
THREE
 FACT