Light and Lighting

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS

Sudapin, Kidapawan City
LIGHT AND LIGHTING

FUNDAMENTALS
LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME X.
College of Xxxxxx
CHAPTER 1
LIGHT AND LIGHTING

FUNDAMENTALS
2
1.2.2 LAWS FOR POINT SOUCRES OF LIGHT…
The Inverse Square Law and the Cosine Law of Incidence are
used to calculate the illuminance at a single point in a plane.
(a) Inverse Square Law
(b) Cosine Law of Incidence
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Inverse Square Law …
It is one of the earliest lighting laws to enable the calculation
of illuminance and it was established in the mid-18th century by
J.H. Lambert. To understand this law, consider a cone-shaped
beam of light coming from a small point source and hitting a
surface some distance away.
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Suppose that the luminous flux within the cone is one lumen,
and that it strikes a surface 1-meter away, producing an
illuminated area of 1 square meter. By dividing the luminous flux
by the area we can find the illuminance, which will be 1 lux.
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The area has increased in proportion to the square of the
distance from the light source, and the illuminance has changed
inversely with the square of the distance. All of this is
encompassed by the inverse square law, which states that the
illuminance “E” equals “I”, the intensity of the light source,
divided by the “d“ distance squared.
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The Luminous Intensity is a measure of how much flux is
emitted within a small conical angle in the direction of the
surface and its unit is the Candela. If a source emits the same
luminous flux in all directions, then the luminous intensity is the
same in all directions. For most sources, however, the flux
emitted in each direction is not the same.
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For example, in Figure 1.8, the luminous intensity of a
spotlight varies with angle. It may have a maximum value of 1000
candelas at the center of the beam. If this spotlight is aimed
directly downwards onto the floor 2 meters below [see Figure
1.8(a)], the illuminance will be:
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However, if the spotlight is angled [see Figure 1-8(b)] so that
the luminous intensity directed downwards is 100 candelas, the
illuminance will now be:
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Cosine Law of Incidence …
If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle, the
illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will
drop accordingly. The ratio of the original illuminated area to the
new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the
surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by
the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second
Law comes in, the Cosine Law of illuminance.
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This cosine law can be combined into one equation with the
inverse square law.
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Returning to the angled spotlight mentioned earlier, if it is 3
meters above the floor, aiming at a point 3 meters away then its
intensity in this direction is 1000 candelas. The distance from the
point of illumination to the spotlight is calculated using
Pythagorean Theorem and is computed
to be 4.24 meters. The light is striking
the floor at the angle of 45 degrees…
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Cosine Law of Incidence
so using the combined Inverse Square and cosine law
equation, we can calculate the illuminance.
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1.2.2 LAWS FOR POINT SOUCRES OF LIGHT
Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units
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1.2.3 SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT…
Our prehistoric ancestors burned wood to provide themselves
with heat and light. The glowing flame enabled people to live in
caves where the rays of the sun never penetrated. The light of
the campfire, the pine torch, and oil and tallow lamps made a
decisive change in the way of life of prehistoric man. Since then,
chronologically, oil lamps, candles, gas lighting, and electric
lamps have been used for lighting.
16
Types of Modern Artificial Light Sources
Electric light sources are probably the most commonly used
electrical equipment. The primary purpose of the electrical light
source is to convert electrical energy into light energy.
Commercial, industrial, residential, institutional and other
facilities use different light sources. Selecting the appropriate
source depends on installation requirements, life-cycle cost,
color qualities, dimming capability, and other required effects.
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Commonly Used Types of Lamps
• Incandescent Lamps - produce light by the passage of an
electric current through a filament, which heats it to
incandescence (e.g. general service, reflectorized, and
tungsten-halogen).
• Electric discharge lamps - produce light by the passage of an
electric current through a vapor or gas, initiating the discharge
to fluoresce.
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Color Characteristics of Artificial Light Sources…
White light is luminous energy containing a mixture of
wavelengths that are perceived as color when the eye transforms
the energy into a signal for the brain. This mixture determines
whether an environment will appear warm or cool and how well
people and furnishings will look.
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a) Color and Efficiency. The efficacy of lamp refers to the
number of lumens leaving the lamp compared to the number
Efficiency or efficacy is expressed in lumens per watt. Sources
with higher efficacy require less electrical energy to light a
space or area. Thus, for the most efficient lighting, designers
should seek the highest efficacy possible for the type of
system desired.
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b) Color Rendering. The general expression for the effect of the
light source on the color appearance of objects in conscious or
subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a
reference light source.
c) Color Rendering Index (CRI). The CRI uses filament light as a
base for 100 and the warm white fluorescent for 50. The higher
the number, the better the color rendering or color appearance.
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1.2.3 SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
d) Color Temperature (Chromaticity). The absolute temperature
(in Degrees Kelvin) of a blackbody radiator whose chromaticity
nearly resembles that of the light source. This indicates visual
“warmth” or “coolness”. Hence, the lower the number, the
warmer the light (more red content). The higher the number, the
cooler is the light (more blue content).
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LAMP FAMILIES AND LIGHT CONTROL EQUIPMENT
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QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCE
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CREDITS
DOE (2017); Manual of Practice on Efficient Lighting.
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END OF SLIDE
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS

LIGHT AND LIGHTING

LIGHT AND LIGHTING

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