Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pediatrics Neurological Examination
Pediatrics Neurological Examination
OF PEDIATRICS
PEDIATRICS NEUROLOGICAL
EXAMINATION
MANDAL, AJAY KUMAR
4th Year Medical Student
Gullas college of Medicine
THE DIFFERENT AGES OF PEDIATRICS PATIENT
1. Newborn, neonates FIRST MONMTH OF LIFE
2. infancy 1 Month to 1 year
3. Toddler 1 Year to 3 year
Preschool child 3 Year to 6 Year
4. School-child (late 5 – 12 years
childhood)
5. Adolescence 12 – 20 yrs
a- early adolescence a) 10 -14 yrs
b- middle adolescence b) 15 – 16 yrs
c- late adolescence c) 17 – 20 yrs
APPROACHS TO PEDIATRICS NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
■ The examination of the nervous system in infants includes techniques that are
highly specific to this particular age. Unlike many neurologic abnormalities in
adults that produce asymmetric localized findings, neurologic
abnormalities in infants often present as developmental abnormalities such
as failure to do age appropriate tasks.
■ Because toddlers are fearful of strangers, the physician must first observe
the child and defer touching him or her until some degree of rapport has
been established.
■ Once frightened, most toddlers are difficult to reassure and are lost for
the remainder of the examination.
APPROACHS TO NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
General Outline(Subsets) of neurological examination
■ Mental status (appearance, behavior, communication, delusion/hallucination
and emotions) and higher mental function (consciousness, orientation, memory,
attention span, spatial perception, insight, abstract thinking, fund of information,
calculation, released reflexes)
■ Cranial nerve examination (I-XII)
■ Motor system examination (gait/posture, bulk, tone, muscle power, deep
tendon reflexes, superficial reflexes, abnormal movement)
■ Sensory system examination ( pain, temperature, fine touch, vibration, joint
position), cortical sensation (two-point discrimination, tactile localization)
■ Cerebellar system examination
■ Meningeal signs (neck rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign)
Principles of Neurologic Examination of the Child
■ Use items such as a tennis ball, small toys (including a toy car), bell
■ Do not wear a white coat.
■ Postpone uncomfortable tasks until the end, such as head
circumference, fundoscopy, corneal and gag reflexes and sensory
testing.
■ Make the most of every opportunity to examine the child.
■ Examine the younger child in the parent's lap.
■ Always listen to the mother. It is okay to assess the child as sicker
than the mother feels.
Neurologic Examination of the Infant
A. Resting Posture
B. Passive Tone
C. Active Tone
Neurologic Examination of the Infant
D. Coma:Unresponsive to pain
Mental Status Examination
Speech:
Listen to produced speech. Check articulation and comprehension. Ask
patient to repeat and name objects. Check for age appropriate receptive
and expressive language milestones, if there is dysphonia, dysarthria or
dysphasias.
■ Dysphonia- Disturbance in or lack of the production of sounds in the
larynx
■ Dysarthria- Disorder in articulating speech sounds
■ Dysphasia- Disturbance in understanding or expression of words as
symbols for communication
Cranial Nerves Examinations
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
■ Test for olfaction.
■ RARELY ASSESSED in child
■ With eyes closed, test each nostril separately occluding the
other side. Present coffee, chocolate or vanilla. Normal
young children may not identify the smell. Recognizing a
change of odor is sufficient.
■ Avoid noxious stimuli (e.g., ammonia, vinegar) as these
stimulate the trigeminal nerve
Anosmia - Inability to appreciate odor-(Seen in upper
respiratory infections, neoplasm, head trauma often occipital)
Parosmia - Altered sense of smell
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Test for the visual acuity, pupils, visual fields and fundi.
The pupillary light reflex is a function of the 2nd and 3"d CN.
Abnormalities:
■ Blindness
■ Papilledema - Elevation of the optic disc, distended veins, absent
venous pulsations, hemorrhages, blurred disc margins
Occulomotor, Trochlear and Abducens Nerve(CN III, IV, VI)
Abnormalities
Strabismus - Abnormal ocular alignment due to muscle imbalance
Ptosis - Drooping of one or both eyelids
Nystagmus - Involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes
Limitation of eye movements - Lateral, medial, upward or downward gaze
Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)
Test for facial sensation and muscles of mastication.
■ Test for light touch, temperature (warm and cold), pain (pin prick), and the corneal
reflex. The corneal reflex is a function of the 5th (afferent) and 7th (efferent) nerves.
■ Test sensation using cotton or touch areas from the vertex of the head to the face
and mandible (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions).
■ Corneal reflex. With the patient looking in the opposite direction, apply a wisp of
cotton onto the cornea. Spontaneous blinking results with intact 5th and 7th nerves.
■ Motor. Muscles of mastication. Have the child chew and swallow food. Palpate
masseter and observe any jaw deviation.
Abnormalities:
Complete paralysis of the 5th nerve - Sensory loss over the ipsilateral face and
weakness of the muscles of mastication
Diminished or absent corneal reflex - Posttraumatic, tumors, Some collagen diseases
in children
Facial Nerve (CNVII)
Test muscles of expression. Ask the child to smile, frown, show
his teeth and close his eyes. Check for any asymmetry.
Test for sense of taste by applying solutions of sugar or salt to
the previously dried and protruded tongue using a cotton tip
applicator. Test one side then the other making sure the child
does not withdraw the tongue on to the mouth.
Abnormalities:
Central facial palsy - Asymmetry of the labial folds but the
wrinkling of the forehead on raising eyebrows and eye closure are
normal and symmetrical.
Bells palsy - Complete paralysis of one side of the face
Loss of taste - Loss of taste anterior 2/3
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CNVIII)
■ It subserves hearing and vestibular functions.
Abnormalities:
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves. (CN IX and X)
■ Test for palatal movements, uvular position and movement, gag reflex,
phonation, sucking and swallowing.
■ Have the child say "ahh" or stick the tongue out then observe symmetry in
movement of the uvula and soft palate.
■ Test for Gag reflex . Touch the back of the pharynx with a tongue depressor and
watch the elevation of the palate.
Abnormalities:
■ Loss of taste in then posterior 3rdof the tongue - In CN IX lesions
■ Loss or decreased gag reflex - In CN IX and X lesions
■ Deviation of the uvula to the normal side - In unilateral CN IX and X lesions
■ Hoarseness - In CN X impairment
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
■ Test the function of the trapezius and
sternocleidomastoideocles.
Abnormalities:
1. Asymmetry in shoulder movement
2. Asymmetry in bulk (atrophy), and contraction of the
sternocleidomastoideocles
Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)
■ Test the tongue muscle.
■ Check the position of the tongue at rest with
the mouth open and during protrusion.
Abnormalities:
Atrophy unilateral or bilateral
Grooving and fasciculations of the tongue
Deviation of the tongue to the side of paralysis
Motor System Examination
Motor system Examination should include:
■ Gait and posture
■ Muscle bulk, tone and strength
■ Deep tendon reflexes
■ Pathologic reflexes
■ Coordination
Motor System Examination
■ Observe gait and posture. Ask the child to walk normally, on toes, on heels
and do the tandem gait or walking along a straight line. Note any asymmetry,
weakness, clumsiness, undue tripping, abnormal involuntary movements.
■ Palpate and observe muscle bulk and presence of fasciculations
■ Check active and passive tone by passively flexing the extremities at major
joints and determining resistance and asymmetry.
■ Check for Gowers sign. Observe the child while arising from the floor to a
standing position. The child with Gowers sign would stand by pushing the
floor with all extremities then holding onto his thigh and pushing up to erect
position.
■ Look for any involuntary movements.
■ Assess muscle strength by noting any asymmetry and doing formal testing
of power for children who can follow instructions.
Motor System Examination
■ Scoring Muscle strength:
0 No muscle contraction
1 Flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity and resistance
5 Normal power
Abnormalities:
• Gait abnormalities-Limping, hemiparetic, Muscle
atrophy, fasciculation
• Involuntary movements- Myoclonus, dystonias,
chorea, athetosis, seizures
• Weakness- Quadriparesis, hemiparesis
• Abnormal tone- Spastic, rigid, hypotonic, flaccid
Cerebellar function(Coordination)
■ Test coordination. Check speech. Observe gait for
Abnormalities:
ataxia.
Ataxia, atonia-Tendency to fall or sway
■ Ask the child to reach for and manipulate toys.
Dysmetria-Overshooting/undershooting target
Check for tremors, clumsiness and incoordination.
Intention tremors-Tremors increasing with
■ Do finger to nose test, or heel to shin test. activity
■ Check ability to perform rapid alternating Dysnergia-Incoordination, clumsiness
movements by having the child pat the examiners
Dysrhythmia-Inability to repeat a rhythmic tap
hand or by having the child perform rapid
Dysdiadochokinesia-Difficulty with rapid
pronation and supination of the hands. In the
alternating movements
lower extremities, rapid tapping of the foot serves
a similar purpose. Dysarthria-Staccato or scanning speech
Sensory Examination
■ Difficult to do at any age
■ Almost impossible to do in an infant or toddler
■ Object discrimination – can be determined using
coins or small, well-known items, such as paper clips
or rubber bands
■ Test for touch, pain and temperature sensation using
objects, warm or cold.
■ Test for position sense. With eyes closed, ask patient
to identify changes in position (upward or downward)
of the fingers and toes. Orientation to the procedure
should be given before testing.
Sensory Examination
■ Test for vibration sense by placing a vibrating tuning fork on the
joints.
■ Test for Romberg sign. With the eyes closed to remove visual clues to
spatial orientation and balance, have the child stand with both feet
together and both arms extended to sides. Observe balance or swaying.
■ Test for stereognosis, two-point discrimination, weight and size
discrimination, graphesthesia (finger-writing perception on palm)
which are finer sensations.
Abnormalities:
Astereognosis-Cannot recognize objects through touch
Agraphesthesia-Unable to recognize letters written on palms
REFLEXES
Test for deep tendon (DTR) Reflexes, Which test for ankle, knee,
brachioradialis, biceps, triceps, pectoralis reflexes.
A. Biceps jerk
Ensure patient's arm is relaxed and slightly flexed. Palpate the
biceps tendon with the thumb and strike with examining
hammer. Look for elbow flexion and biceps contraction.
B. Brachioradialis(Supinator jerk)
– Strike the lower end of the radius with the hammer. Observe
elbow and finger flexion.
C. Triceps Jerk
– Strike the patient's elbow a few inches above the olecranon
process. Look for elbow extension and triceps contraction.
REFLEXES
D. Knee Jerk
– Ensure that the patient's leg is relaxed by resting them over the examiners arm or by
hanging it over the edge of the bed. Tap the patellar tendon with the hammer and
observe quadriceps contraction.
E. Ankle Jerk
– Externally rotate the patient's leg. Hold the foot in slight dorsiflexion. Tap the Achilles
tendon and watch the calf muscle contraction and plantar flexion.
GRADING OF REFLEXES
SCORE REFLEXES
O Absent
+1 Hypoactive or (+) only with reinforcement
++2 Readily elicited with a normal response
+++3 Brisk with or without evidence of spread to neighboring roots
++++4 Associated with a few beats of unsustained clonus
+++++ (5) Sustained clonus
REFLEXES
Superficial reflexes:
Segmental reflex responses that indicate integrity of cutaneous innervations and the
corresponding motor outflow and include corneal, conjunctival, abdominal,
cremasteric, anal wink, plantar reflexes.
A. Abdominal reflexes can be elicited by drawing a line away from the umbilicus
along the diagnonals of the 4 quadrants of the abdomen. Normally, the umbilicus
is drawn toward the direction of the line that is drawn
B. Cremasteric reflex : Draw a line along the medial thigh and watch the
movement of the scrotum in males. Normally, elevation in the ipsilateral testes.
C. Plantar reflex : Stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot normally
results in plantar flexion. Babinski reflex is dorsiflexion of the big toe with or
without fanning of the other toes. This may be normal till 2.5 years old
otherwise, it is seen in upper motor neuron lesions.
Signs of Meningeal Irritation
Kernig sign:.
With the patient in supine position, flex the hip and
knee each to about 90 degrees. With the hip
immobile, extend the knee. With meningeal irritation,
resistance and pain on the hamstring muscles are
noted.
Brudzinski sign:
With the patient supine, flexion of the neck results in
involuntary flexion of the leg.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!