INTRODUCTION TO

TELECOM
 What is Telecommunication
 It is the exchange of information over significant
distances by electronic means.
 What is Telecommunication N/w
 Multiple transmitting and receiving stations to
exchange data among themselves.
 Transceiver
 The transmitter and receiver at any station may be
combined into a single device called a transceiver
 Communication systems
 Transmitter
 Channel : It is a communication medium, the path
that data takes from source to destination.
 Receiver
 Telecommunication System
 Information source
 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Destination
 Message
 Signal
 Noise source
 Examples of Telecommunication N/W
 Purpose of Telecommunication
 To transfer information
 Information carried via signal
 The signal may be analog or digital which changes
w.r.t time
 Analog signaling
 Electrical
 Continuous
 Smooth waveform
 Intensity
 Time
 Digital Signaling
 Non continuous
 Pulses / Digits
 Discrete
 Abrupt change
 Amplitude ( 0 / 1)
 Time
 Communication Channels
 Via which data transmitted
 Twisted wires (Copper cables)
 Coaxial cables (Insulated Copper wires)
 Fiber Optic cable
 Microwave (1 – 300 GHz)
 Radio Waves (3 KHz – 1 GHz) Electromagnetic
 Communication Channels properties
 Transmission speed
 Bps
 frequency
 Bandwidth (channel capacity)
 Time Division MUX
 Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across
a single data link.
 TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for
combining several low-rate channels into one high-
rate one.
The composite signal has some dead space between the
successive sampled pulses, which is essential to prevent
interchannel cross talks. Along with the sampled pulses, one
synchronizing pulse is sent in each cycle. These data pulses along
with the control information form a frame.
 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
 The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the
worldwide collection of interconnected public
telephone networks that was designed primarily for
voice traffic.
 Telephone service carried by the PSTN is often called
plain old telephone service (POTS).
Along comes the switch, in Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN, or sometimes “POTS”), this is basically the EXCHANGE (last 4
digits)

CO Switch
Switches in the same LATA (“Local Access and Transport Area”) are
distinguished by PREFIX (first 3 digits).

CO Switch
CO Switch
Calls that cross a LATA boundary are distinguished by AREA CODE
(numbers in parentheses). These are “long distance” calls.

LATA boundary

CO Switch
CO Switch
 LATA (Local Access & Transport Area)
 A LATA can be a small or large metropolitan area.
 LATA boundary
 Area code
 Basic Call Progress: On-Hook

• Ready condition waiting for a caller to pick up its handset (On –hook )
• The CO switch contains the power supply for this DC circuit.
Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook

• When telephone cradle is lifted (Off – Hook)

• The switch hook closes the loop between the CO switch and
the telephone set and allows current to flow.
• CO detects the current flow and transmits dial tone to the
telephone set.
• This dial tone signals the customer can begin to dial.
• The customer cannot dial until a dial tone is received.
Basic Call Progress: Dialing

• Allows the customer to enter a phone number of a telephone at another

location.
• The customer enters this number with either a rotary phone or a touch-
tone.
• Here telephones use two different types of address signaling in order to
notify the telephone company where a subscriber calls: Dual tone
multifrequency (DTMF) dialing and Pulse dialing.
Basic Call Progress: Switching

• The CO switch translates the pulses or tones into a port address that
connects to the telephone set of the called party.
• This connection could go directly to the requested telephone set (for
local calls) or go through another switch or several switches (for long-
distance calls) before it reaches its final destination.
Basic Call Progress: Ringing

• Once the CO switch connects to the called line, the switch sends a signal
to this line.
• This signal rings the phone of the called party.
• While ringing the phone of the called party, the CO switch sends an
audible ring-back tone to the caller.
• If the called party phone is busy, the CO switch sends a busy signal to
the caller.
Basic Call Progress: Talking

• As soon as the called party lifts the handset, an off-hook phase starts again, this
time on the opposite end of the network.
• The local loop is closed on the called party side, so current starts to flow to the
CO switch.
• This switch detects current flow and completes the voice connection back to the
calling party phone.
 Trunks:
 Trunks are transmission media that handle the
communication between offices.
 A trunk normally handles hundreds or thousands of
connections through multiplexing.
 Transmission is usually through optical fibers or
satellite links.