Discrete mathematics

LOGIC GATES
 LOGIC GATE


A logic gate is a building block of a digital circuit.
 Most logic gates have two inputs and one output and are
based on Boolean algebra.
AND GATE
OR GATE
INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT
A B A AND B
A B A OR B
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1
 NOR GATE
NOT GATE INPUT OUTPUT
INPUT OUTPUT A B A NOR B
A NOT A 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0
NAND GATE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NAND B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XOR GATE XNOR GATE
INPUT OUTPUT Input Output
A B A XOR B A B A XNOR B
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1
USE NAND GATES TO CONSTRUCT THE
FOLLOWING:

1) X + Y

2) X + Y
COMBINATIONS OF
GATES
 COMBINATIONS OF GATES
• Two or more discrete logic gates in a single logic
solution.
• The integrated gates may be internally
connected to generate a specific Boolean
function or can remain independent.
• Combinational circuits can be constructed using
a combination of inverters, OR gates, AND
gates.
• When combinations are circuits are formed,
some gates may share input.
This is shown in one of two ways in depictions of circuits.

METHODS:
One method is to use branchings that indicate all the gates
that use a given input.

Other method is to indicate this input separately for each

gate.
 PROBLEMS
Construct circuits that produce the following
outputs:
1)(x + y)x

2) (x . y)

3)(x + y + z)(x y z)
 Example : 01

A computer of three individuals decides issues for an

organisation.
Each individual votes either yes or no for each proposal that
arises.
A proposal is passed if it receives at least two yes votes.
Design a circuit that determines whether a proposal passes.
 Example :02

Design a circuit that implements majority voting for five

individuals.
 Example : 03
Sometimes light fixtures are controlled by more than one
switch.
Circuits need to be designed so that flipping any one of the
switches for the fixture turns the light off, when it is on and
turns the light on ,when it is off.
Design circuits that accomplish this when there are two
switches and when there are three switches.
 Example : 04

Design a circuit for a light fixture controlled by four switches,

where flipping one of the switches turns the light on when it is
off and turns it off when it is off.
THANK YOU!!!!!