OPEN & CLOSED LOOP WITH

APPLICATIONS, PRESSURE RELIEF &

VENTING SYSTEMS

Presented By:

Usama bilal (02)

shahzad (24)
Awais khan (19)
Abdul Haseeb (14)
Presented to: Dr. Sheraz Ahmad
 WHAT IS LOOP?

■ A structure, series, or process, the end of which is connected to

the beginning.

Types of Loop

Open Loop Closed Loop

 Open-loop control system

■ A system in which the output is dependent on input but controlling action is totally
independent of the output is called an Open-loop system.
■ It is also referred to as a non-feedback system, which is a type of continuous control
system in which the output has no influence or effect on the control action of the input
signal.
■ The manual system is also an open-loop control system.,
■ The block diagram of the open-loop control system in which process output is totally
independent of the controller action.

PUT
CONTROLLER ACTUATOR PROCESS
■ The below figure is a basic open-loop system, in which the operator is controlling the
tank level by throttling the manual valve by hand by looking at the indication in the
transparent hose pipe and controlling the level by a manual hand valve.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

■ Simple in construction and design. ■ They are inaccurate

■ Economical ■ They are unreliable
■ Easy to maintain ■ Only changes in output can not be
corrected automatically.
■ Generally stable
■ Convenient to use as output is
difficult to measure
 Example of an open-loop system

An electric fire used to heat a room

■ Controlled variable: room temperature

■ Control element: the operator
■ Correction element: the switch and the fire
■ Process: the room
 CLOSED LOOP
■ A system In which the controlling action is dependent on the output is called a Closed-
loop system.
■ In which the output has an effect on input quantity in such a manner that the input
quantity will adjust itself based on the output generated.
■ An open-loop control system can be converted in to close loop control system by adding
feedback. this feedback automatically makes satisfactory changes in the output due to
external disturbances. in this way, the closed-loop control system is called an automatic
control system or feedback control system.
• The below block diagram and figure show the closed-loop control system in which feedback is taken
from the output and fed into the input.

COMPARTE
R
INPUT CONTROLL OUTPU
ACTUATOR PROCESS T
ER

SENSOR

FEEDBACK PATH
■ The below figure is a basic closed-loop system, which shows the tank level is sensed
and measured by an electronic transmitter, the signal is fed to the controller and its
output signal is regulating the control valve to control the level in the tank
automatically.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

■ The closed-loop control systems are more ■ They are costlier.

accurate.
■ Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected ■ They are complicated to design.
due to the presence of a feedback signal.
■ Require more maintenance.
■ Facilitates automation.
■ Stability is the main problem.
■ The sensitivity of the system may be made
small to make the system more stable.
■ This system is less affected by noise.
 VENTING SYSTEM

■ Vent system means a pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow of air

to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within
the system
 Purpose of Venting System

• Provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air.

• Maintain temperature and humidity at comfortable levels.
• Reduce potential fire or explosion hazards.
• Remove or dilute airborne contaminants.
 Purpose of Venting system in petroleum
industry

■ The purpose of venting is a controlled release of unburned gases directly

into the atmosphere. The availability of a flare or a vent ensures that
associated natural gas can be safely disposed of in emergency and shut-
down situations
 Advantages Disadvantage

■ Control impurities · ■ Worse effect on climate

■ Air regulation ■ Costly
■ Stop condensation
■ Reduce temperatures
■ Health benefits
 Pressure Relief System

■ A relief system is an emergency system for discharging gas during abnormal conditions,
by manual or controlled means or by an automatic pressure relief valve from a
pressurized vessel or piping system, to the atmosphere to relieve pressures in excess of
the maximum allowable working pressure.
Purpose of Pressure relief system

■ A pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety-related component used in the pipeline
or with vessels. Relief valves are used to limit the amount of compressed air pressure in
a system so that it doesn't build up above a pre-set level and cause damage to machinery
or people.
 Purpose of pressure relief system in
petroleum industry
■ The primary purpose of the pressure relief system is to ensure that the operation's
personnel and equipment are protected from overpressure conditions that happen during
process upsets, power failures, and from external fires.
 Advantages Disadvantages

■ They vent the fluid to safeguard the ■ opening and closing not being
system from overpressure.  prompt.
■ a large space is required when
assembling.
■ starting, and maintaining it.
Any Question ?