Intelligent Systems

(Chapter 8)
BITS Pilani Gokul Kannan Sadasivam
Department of CS & IS
Hyderabad Campus
Outline

• Introduction
• Types of an Environment
• IS Models
• Knowledge Representations & other IS Models

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 2 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Introduction

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 3 of 37

2
What is an Intelligent System?

• AI – ability to understand, learn, and take decision

• Robots
• Auto pilot

• Communicate with other IS(es)

• Intelligent Networks
• SNMP systems

• Could be a bunch of devices

• AmI

• Other Examples
• Intelligent Software Modules (Firewall, IDS/IPS)
• Fuzzy logic in Washing machines
Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 4 of 37
2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
What is an Agent?

• something that acts

• Latin origin (agere, to do)

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 5 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Minimal Vacuum cleaner
Agent Function

• Regions: A & B
• Dirt or Clean Agent Program
• Actions
• Move right
• Move left
• Suck
• Nothing

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 6 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Software Agents

• Also called as software robots, softbots.

• A software agent is a computer program that acts in behalf
of an user/another program.
• Example
• NEWS reader
• Virus and Worms
• Attributes
• Persistence
• Autonomy
• Social Ability
• Reactivity
• Cons
• Privacy Attrition
• Social detachment

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 7 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Examples of Intelligent
Software Agents
• Check your e-mail, sort it according to the user's order of preference,
and alert you when important emails arrive.
• Play computer games as your opponent or patrol game areas for you.
• Assemble customized news reports for you. There are several versions
of these, including CNN.
• Find information for you on the subject of your choice.
• Fill out forms on the Web automatically for you, storing your information
for future reference.
• Scan Web pages looking for and highlighting text that constitutes the
"important" part of the information there.
• "Discuss" topics with you ranging from your deepest fears to sports.
• Facilitate with online job search duties by scanning known job boards
and sending the resume to opportunities who meet the desired criteria.
• Profile synchronization across heterogeneous social networks.

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 8 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
IS: Classifications

• Mobile agents versus Static intelligent agents

• Individual agents versus Multiple Agent Systems (MAS)
• Learning versus Non-learning
• Thinking versus Acting
• Physical hardware versus Software
• Human versus Rational

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 9 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Agent Programming
Framework
a) Daemons in Unix Systems
b) Java Agent Template (JAT)
c) Java Agent Development Framework (JADE)

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 10 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Types of an Environment

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 11 of 37

2
State of the Environment

• Fully Observable
• Able to get complete state of the environment.
• E.g., Vacuum Cleaner, Chess with a clock

• Partially Observable
• Not able to get complete environmental state.
• Some sensor readings not available.
• Some sensors become defective.
• E.g., Automated car, Part picking robot

• Unobservable
• No sensors

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 12 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Environment State Prediction

• Deterministic
• Able to predict the current state by knowing the previous state.
• E.g., Vacuum cleaner, Chess with a clock

• Stochastic
• Cannot predict the next state.
• E.g., Automated car, Part picking robot

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 13 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
State influence on actions

• Episodic
• Current actions will not affect the next state of the environment.
• E.g., part picking robot

• Sequential
• Current actions will influence the next state of the environment.
• E.g., Vacuum cleaner, Automated car, Chess with a clock.

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 14 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
State Change

• Static
• The state doesn’t change until the action is completed.
• E.g., vacuum cleaner

• Dynamic
• The state changes quickly.
• E.g., Automated car.

• Semi dynamic
• The state changes after a duration.
• E.g., Chess with a clock

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 15 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Number of States

• Discrete
• E.g., Chess with a clock

• Continuous
• E.g., Automated car

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 16 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Knowledge about the
environment
• Known environment
• For percepts, the actions are known.

• Unknown environment
• For many percepts, the system does not know the action(s).
• The system has to do some learning.

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 17 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Passive Versus Active

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 18 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

IS Models

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 19 of 37

2
Reactive IS Models

• Environment:
– Fully observable
– Stochastic
– Episodic
– Static

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 20 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
R-IS Design: handling multiple
concurrent & heterogeneous events

Handling concurrent events

• Discard events
• Event persistence
• Concurrent Event Handling

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 21 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Environmental-IS
• Partially-observable
• Deterministic
• Sequential
• Dynamic

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 22 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Goal-based Model

• Planning-based IS.
• Environment same as
the Environmental-IS.

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 23 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Utility based IS

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 24 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
H-IS: Vertical vs. Horizontal
Model Designs

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 25 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Learning-based IS (L-IS)

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 26 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Knowledge Representations & other

IS Models
Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 27 of 37
2
KB System: Rule-Based

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 28 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Lightweight KR

Node-Labelled Graph

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 29 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Heavyweight KR

Link Labelled Graph

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 30 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Classical Logic IS Models

• Propositional Logic
• Predicate Logic

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 31 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Bayesian Network

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 32 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic with approximate values

– E.g., the vehicle is travelling very slowly, or slowly, or at a moderate speed, or fast or
very fast.

• This kind of imprecision can also be used in fuzzy rules.

• Example fuzzy logic rule could be

– If the bus is travelling slowly away from the pickup point
– and a passenger is moving quickly towards the pickup point
– then slow down the vehicle to stop near the pickup point.

• Here, the terms slowly, quickly, and near, act as fuzzy

descriptors.
Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 33 of 37
2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus
References

• Textbook – Chapter 8
• Artificial Intelligence – Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig

Saturday, November 12, 202 BITS SS ZG531 (Pervasive Computing) 34 of 37

2
BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus