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A.R.D - Lecture 2 42574 2158
A.R.D - Lecture 2 42574 2158
A.R.D - Lecture 2 42574 2158
BY
Dr. Kalimullah Khan Bangash
– Exploratory study
• Is undertaken when no information is available on how similar problems or
research issues have been solved in the past
– Descriptive study
“Our sales are declining and “What kind of people are buying 1-If advertising is increased ,
possible situation
we don’t know why.”our product? Who buys our then sales will also go up.
t competitor’s product?”
2-More men than women are
kalimbangash
Types of Research Based on level
Conceptual vs. Empirical
kalim khan
Types of Research: Based on level
Conceptual(Abstract level) vs. Empirical level
• Abstract level
• concepts
• propositions
• Empirical level
• variables
• hypotheses
Concepts are Abstractions of Reality
Abstract CONCEPTS
Level
• LONGITUDINAL:
Study Of Information at more than one Period of Time E.G. Change in behavior of employees before
and after management change. It may have different forms as following:
1-Based on intervention : Corona cases before lockdown and after lock down
2-Based on time series : Weekly data collection of corona patients in Afghanistan: same patients
3-Based on panel data : Weekly data collection of corona patients, Malaria patients in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India etc etc.
The research ‘onion’ Saunders et al, (2009)
See. Page number 106, Mark Saunders Book
Understanding Research and Research
philosophy
Aspects of philosophy