BVQi 

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF

COMMODITY PLASTICS
 BVQi 
ADVANTAGES OF PLASTICS
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006


Properties can be altered to suit
 Fire retardant
the needs 
Do not rust/corrode.

Good strength/weight ratio 
Resistant to microbes

Tough & durable 
Attractive colours

Non toxic  Good weatherability

Easy processability 
Practically maintenance free

Chemical/Moisture Resistant  Reusable / Recyclable

At Much Cheaper Price !!!

 BVQi 
POLYMER
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

A polymer is made up of many small molecules which have

combined to form a single long or large molecule.

The individual small molecules from which the polymer is

formed is known as monomers.
H H H H
n C C C C
n
H H H H
Ethylene Polyethylene
monomer polymer
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001

MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION
006

 
Initiation
 
R* + CH2 = CH R – CH2 – *CH
l l
X X
Propagation
 
R – CH2 - *CH + CH2 = CH R – CH2 – CH – CH2 - *CH
l l l l
X X X X
 
R – CH2 – CH – CH2 – *CH + CH2 = CH R – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – *CH
l l l l l l
X X X X X X
 
Termination
 
R -[CH2 – CH ]n1 -CH2 – *CH + R -[ CH2 – CH]n2 -CH2 – *CH
l l l l
X X X X
 
    R -[CH2 – CH]n1 -CH2 – CH – CH – CH2 [CH – CH2]n2 - R
l l l l
X X X X
Termination by coupling
 
    R -[CH2 – CH]n1 -CH2 – CH2 + R -[CH2 – CH]n2 -CH = CH
l l l l
X X X X
Termination of Disproportionation
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

THERMOPLASTICS
Thermoplastics are resins that repeatedly soften when
heated and harden when cooled.

Eg. Polyethylene, Polyvinylchloride,

Polystyrene, Nylon, Polyacetal
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

THERMOSETS

Thermosets are plastics that undergo chemical change during

processing to become permanently insoluble and infusible.

Eg. Phenolic, amino, epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins.

 BVQi
CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS POLYMERS ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

 The chemical structure allows the polymer chains to fold on

themselves and pack together in an organized manner.
 The resulting organized regions show the behaviour characteristics
of crystal.
 The plastics that have these regions are called crystalline.
 The plastics without these regions are called Amorphous.
Eg. Crystalline polymers: LDPE, HDPE, PP, Nylon
Amorphous polymers: PS, PVC, Acrylic, PC
 BVQi 
UKAS

HOMOPLYMER & COPOLYMER

QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Homo polymer
The polymer with a single type of repeating unit.
Eg. LDPE
Copolymer
The polymer made with two or more different kinds of
repeating units.
Terpolymer is a copolymer with three kinds of repeating
units. Eg. HIPS, ABS.
POLYMER ALLOYS
 Alloys are combinations of polymers that are mechanically
blended to create tailored variations in plastics.
 They do not depend on chemical bonds.
 To prepare an alloy of polymers, the compatibilizers are
required to join different constituent polymers together to
improve performance.
 COMMODITY PLASTICS BVQi
ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
 High Molecular High Density Polyethylene (HMHDPE)
 Polypropylene (PP)
 Polyvinylchloride (PVC
 Polystyrene (PS)
 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
 Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
 BVQi 
UKAS

Global Polymer Growth

QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

PS PVC PP
HDPE LLDPE LDPE
123
CARG
120
90/80 00/90
PP 10.0% 8.5%
100
PO 7.1% 6.2%
71
M illio n T o n s

PVC 6.3% 5.4%

80 PS 7.6% 3.9%
All Polym ers 6.9% 5.7%
60
36
40

20

0
1980

1990

2000
Source: Chem Systems
 BVQi 
India: Polymer Consumption
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

PVC
PS LD/LLD
22%
5% 18%

HDPE
23%

PP
32%
 BVQi 
UKAS

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE(LDPE)

QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

H H

C C

H H n
Properties

 Excellent resistance to organic and inorganic liquids

 Water repellent
 Sterlizable with ethylene oxide
 Free from odour and toxicity
 Low gas permeability
 Good resistance to micro organisms
 Since it is non-polar, electrical properties are almost independent
of temperature and frequency.
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

 High elongation at break

 Low brittleness
 Easy processability
 Good impact resistance
 Sufficiently low water vapour absorption
 Tg is well below the room temperature
 Susceptible to UV radiation
 Low molecular grade is susceptible to environmental stress cracking
 Poor abrasion resistance
 Poor scratch resistance
 BVQi 
Applications
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Agriculture
Pipes for irrigation, emitters, film for green houses,nursery
bags,covers for crops, canal liners, mulching films.
Building
Spacers for centering in building and ceiling liners.
Electrical
Wire coating, electrical cable sheathing, telephone cable
sheathing.
Packaging
Bags, pouches for packing of milk and water, grocery bags,
garbage bags, liners for HDPE woven sacks.
Medical
Saline bottles, tubes for saline sets, gas transfer tubes,
pharmaceutical packagings.
 LINEAR LOW DENSITY BVQi
ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE) 006

Properties
 Resistance to solvents, acids and alkalies
 Water repellent
 Higher puncture resistance than LDPE
 Higher tear resistance than LDPE
 Elongation at break is high
 Improved impact strength
 High toughness even at high temperature
 Improved sealability
 High environmental stress crack resistance
 Better low temperature flexibility
 BVQi 
UKAS

Applications
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Agriculture
Lateral for drip irrigation, pond and canal liners, sprinkler parts,
nursery bags
Automotive
Dash board liners, washers, handles, air filter parts, seals.
Medical
Saline water bottles and holders, contact lens caps, tubes for fluid
transfer.
Electrical
Wire coating, cable sheathing, marine cable sheathing, optical fibre
Coating.
Packaging
Bubble film for safety packaging, stretch films, shopping bags, shrink
warp for different products.
Household
Air tight boxes & containers, garbage bags, toys
 BVQi
Applications of LDPE & LLDPE ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

Bottle Caps
Green House

Cable Sheathing Pouch

 BVQi
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

Properties

 Very good chemical resistance

 High tensile strength, stiffness, creep resistance,
abrasion resistance than LDPE
 Tg is well below room temperature
 Excellent low temperature toughness
 Good thermal stability
 Non-polar in nature
 Applications BVQi
ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

Agriculture
006

Drip irrigation drippers, sprinkler parts, agricultural nets, pipes for

irrigation.
Automobile
Fuel tank, petrol and lubricating oil containers, propellers for boats, break
handles.
Electrical
Insulation for electrical and telephone wires
Furniture
Chairs, chair handles & table
Household
Buckets, mugs, trays, soap boxes, tubes and pipes, bowls, water
tanks, dust bins, suitcases, toys
Industrial
Chemical storage tanks, gasoline tank impellers, pipes and fittings for
chemical and gas transportation
Packaging
Containers for dairy products, bottle caps, milk crates, containers for
pesticides,woven sacks for packaging of grains and powder products.
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006
 BVQi 
POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Properties H H
 Stiffer than PE
 Higher glass transition temperature and melting point C C

n
Possesses integral hinge property
 Low specific gravity than polyethylene
H CH3
 Chemical resistance is similar to polyethylene
 Very low water absorption
 Excellent dielectric properties
 Can be sterlised with steam and ethylene oxide
 Copolymers have more impact strength and high gloss than
homopolymers
 Good tensile strength
 Good abrasion resistance
 Low UV resistance
 Brittle at lower temperatures
 Less resistance to oxidation
 BVQi 
Applications
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Electrical/Electronics
Radio and TV housing capacitors, coil forms, control knobs, transformer
housing,switch gears
Packaging
BOPP films used as goods wrapping, garment packaging
Appliances
Agitators, housing for coffee maker, mixies, vacuum cleaner and
washing machine parts
Automotive
Car bumpers, dash board, steering wheel covers, radiator grills, air filter
parts
Medical
Disposable syringes, tubes and blow moulded bottles, trays
Household
Coffee makers, hair dryers, air-conditioner parts, microwave oven trays,
babyfeeding bottles, thermoflask cases and chains, ropes, tapes and
hinged property applications
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006
 BVQi 
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

H H

C C

H Cl n
• It is one of the oldest yet one of the most important plastics materials.

• It takes pride of place among the plastics we encounter everyday.

• It gives us shelter, it brings in potable water, it takes away the effluent, it

assists in electricity supply and telecommunication, helps doctors for
blood supply, provides files and folders to the students..

• It is non-flammable, robust and durable, is practically maintenance free and

gives excellent value for money.

• Requires more abundantly available inorganic material than petrochemical

resource for its manufacture.

It is PVC !
 BVQi
PVC – A Versatile Plastics ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

• The compatibility of PVC with a numerous additives results in a broad range of

properties and hence a much wider spectrum of applications than any other plastics.

• Depending upon how it is formulated, the end product of such compounded PVC
may be:
• Rubbery flexible material or rigid high impact product
• Opaque or crystal clear product
•Non – toxic, non – flammable, light – stable etc. etc……..

• Compounded PVC can be processed by all standard processing techniques

including:
• Calendering
• Extrusion
• Injection moulding
• Blow moulding
• Electrostatic energy spray and fluidized bed coating.
 BVQi 
PVC Global Consumption
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

All Others
20% Pipe & Fittings
35%

Profiles &
Tubes
18%

Wire & Cable Film & Sheet

7% Bottles 17%
3%

Total Consumption ~ 32 Million Metric Tons

 BVQi
Versatility of PVC ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

From
Footwear…..
 PVC Pipes - Advantages BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

• Production of Pipes Less Energy Required

• No Corrosion Safe & Hygienic Drinking

Water

• Smooth Inside Bore Low Frictional Losses

• Low Frictional Losses Savings in Pumping Cost

• PVC Pipes Usage Safe Drinking Water at

Low Cost
 BVQi
Products Fabricated using PVC Profiles ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

* Types of Profiles :
¤ Hollow Profiles
¤ Foam Profiles
* Doors :
¤ Aluminum Frame + Hollow Profile
¤ PVC Frame + Hollow Profile
¤ PVC Frame + Foam Sheet
* Door Frame
* Windows
¤ Sliding
¤ Casement
> Single Glazing
> Double Glazing
* Partitions
* False Ceiling
* Miscellaneous
(Viz... Kitchen Cabinets etc.)
 PVC - Fire Safe Material BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

• PVC is one of the most fire safe materials which self

extinguishes after removal of fire source .

• PVC is fire suppressant, a quality it gets from its chlorine

content.

• Flame retardant properties can be incorporated in PVC

compound to improve the fire resistant properties of the end
product.

• PVC is safe as the chances of fire & the rapidity of spread is

lower compared to other materials like painted walls, polished
wood for furniture etc. Therefore,all over the world, 60% of PVC
use is in construction .
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006
 BVQi 
UKAS

H H
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

C C
POLYSTYRENE (PS)
H n
PROPERTIES
 Hard, rigid and transparent thermoplastic
o
 Low moisture absorption
 High dimensional stability
 High refractive index
 Good colourability and processability
 Good dielectric properties
 Low mould shrinkage
 Very low thermal conductivity
 Highly inflammable and burns with a luminous sooty flame
 Limited resistance to organic solvents, when compared to polyolefins
 Highly brittle
 Degraded by UV radiation
 Possesses tendency to stress cracking
 Low creep strength under repeated stress
 BVQi 
UKAS

Applications
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Automotive
Reflectors, doom lights
Household
Soap boxes, powder boxes, bangles, toys, decorative gift articles,
crystal wears, ball pen barrels, tumblers, bowls, trays, jewellery
boxes, flower vases
Industrial
Geometrical applications eg. Set square scale, storage battery casing
Electrical/Electronics
Tape recorder spools, audio cassettes and covers, lamp shades,
battery cases, torch light cases, TV and transistor cabinets, air-
conditioner front grills, CD boxes
Building
False ceiling channels and thermal insulations for building as EPS
Packaging
Rigid containers, thin walled packaging containers, disposable transparent
containers, packaging of powder dairy, meat and egg products
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006
 HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS) BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

H H H H

C C ... C CH = CH C
n1 n2
H o H H
Properties
 Resistant to mineral acids, caustic liquids and water
 Good dimensional stability even at lower temperature
 High impact strength compared to GPPS (7 times than GPPS)
 Heat stable compared to GPPS
 Higher resistance to stress cracking than GPPS
 High elongation at break
 Dissolved by alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers and oils
 Radiation resistance is significantly lower than GPPS
 BVQi 
UKAS

Applications
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Electrical/Electronics
Computer housing, radio TV and transistor cabinet, refrigerator grills,
knobs and linings, air-conditioner and air-cooler front grills,
telecommunication and power cable joints.
Households
Coffee sets, jars, dishes, egg trays, gift articles, knife handles, bath
tubs, disposable cups, toilet seats, safety razors, pen barrels, toys
Packaging
Vacuum formed trays and bowls for packaging of food
Industrial
Machine housings, helmets, masks, textile machine parts.
 BVQi
POLYMETHYLMETHAACRYLATE (PMMA) ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

H H

C C
n
H COOCH3
Properties
 Highly transparent and crystal clear material
 Good weathering resistance
 Strong, stiff and brittle in nature
 Good arc resistance
 High dielectric strength
 Inflammable and slow burning
 ESCR can be improved by annealing
 Polar in nature absorbs moisture, required predrying before moulding
 BVQi
 Applications ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

Aircraft
Displays meter cases, level indicators, food service trays, bath room
accessories and interiors.
Appliances
Handles and knobs, light fixtures, drafting equipments, refrigerator
trays, bowls, flower vases.
Automotive
Wind shields, glass replacements, mirror, reflectors, tail light and head
light covers, instrument panels, display signs.
Optical
Contact lenses, spectacle lenses, camera lenses, watch glasses.
Medical
Teeth and fixtures in dental surgery, medical instrument housings.
Building
Decorative lamp shades, bath tubs and sanitary wears
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006
 BVQi 
ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA)
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

H H H H

C C C C
y
x
H H H OCOCH3
Properties
 Flexible and low temperature toughness (-70 C)
 Chemically inert
 Good clarity
 Good stress cracking resistance
 Excellent impact strength
 Higher VA content resins possess excellent toughness
 Better ozone resistance than rubbers
 High co-efficient of friction
 Good resistance to oil and grease
 Non toxic in nature
 Superior out door stability than LDPE
 BVQi 
UKAS

Applications
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Industrial
Flexible hoses, tubings, base pads, spirit bottling lines

Mechanical
Used as impact modifier to improve impact strength in plastics, cable
sheathing moulded auto parts.

Sports
Inner shoe sole and other shoe components, toys

Packaging
Films for packaging of meat and poultry products, ice cube trays,
disposable gloves, vacuum cleaner hoses
 Applications of EVA BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Seals, Toys, Helmet Parts Corrugated Tubes

Shoe Components
 BLENDS AND ALLOYS BVQi
ISO 9001

UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

006

LDPE/PIB (polyisobutylene) Blends:

Blends ratio 1:1
Blends are very flexible
 Resistance to cracking under stress
 Show low water vapour transmission rate
 The blends have good weld line strength
 Resistance to warpage and shrinkage
 The blends are extruded, injection and blow moulded.
 BVQi 
PP/EPDM Blends
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Less than 30% wt., by EPDM

 These blends are mainly dynamically vulcanized
 Show good processability
 High modulus at low temperature
 Very good low temperature impact strength
 Good dimensional stability
 Low shrinkage
 Good mechanical properties in a wide range of temperatures from
–40 to 150 Deg..C (filled compounds)
 Good ozone resistance
 Good abrasion resistance
 High tear resistance
 Over 200 applications have been found for these blends. They are used
in appliances, hardware, plumbing and automotive industries, etc.
 These blends are formulated mainly for injection moulding but they can
also be extruded.
 BVQi 
PVC/NBR (Nitrile Rubber)
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006

Upto 30% wt.

 Show good processability

 Fast calendering and extrusion
 Good impact and tear strength
 Fuel, oil and chemical resistance
 Good abrasion resistance
 Good weathering and ozone resistance
 Show good antistatic flame and moisture resistance
 These blends are extruded, calendered, compression and
injection moulded.
 BVQi 
UKAS
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

ISO 9001
006