TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC

TABLE
 PHILLIPIANS 4:8

Finally brethren , whatsoever things are true , whatsoever

things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever
things are pure , whatsoever things are of good report, if
there be any virtue , and if there be any praise , think on
these things.
 TRENDS IN GROUP II – THE ALKALINE
EARTH METALS
Elements in group II :
Be – 2,2
Mg – 2,8,2
Ca – 2,8,8,2
Sr – 2,8,18,8,2
Ba – 2,8,18,18,2
Radium is left out of the discussion because it is radioactive and unstable.
• All the elements have two electrons in their outer shells. They must therefore lose 2
electrons to achieve a stable configuration.
• When they lose electrons they are said to ionize. The easier an element ionizes, the more
reactive it is.
• The main oxidation state of elements in this group is +2.
• There is an increase in the atomic radius down the group.
• Ionisation energy increases, so it is easier to form positive ions as you go down the group.
• Reactivity with oxygen, water and dilute acid increases moving down the
group due to the increase in the ease of ionization.
Examples of reactions of calcium
With oxygen:
2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s)
• With water:
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

With hydrochloric acid:

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 TRENDS IN GROUP VII – THE HALOGENS

• Elements in Group VII exist as diatomic molecules, these being F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.
• They all have similar chemical properties because their atoms all have seven valence
electrons.
• They react by gaining one valence electron to form negatively charged anions.
• When they gain this electron they are said to ionize.
• The ease of ionization increases moving up Group VII, therefore the reactivity of
the elements increases moving up the group.
• Fluorine is a pale yellow gas with 2 occupied electron shells.
• Chlorine is a yellow-green gas with 3 occupied electron shells.
• Bromine is a red-brown liquid with 4 occupied electrons shells.
• Iodine is a grey-black solid with 5 occupied electron shells.
• Atomic radius increases moving down the group due to the increase in
number of occupied electron shells.
• Strength of oxidizing increases moving up the group due to the increase in
ease of ionization. The more easily the element ionizes, the more easily it
takes electrons from another reactant.
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• In a displacement reaction an element in its free state takes the place of

another element in a compound.
• A more reactive element will displace a less reactive element.
• Chlorine will displace bromine and iodine, and bromine will displace iodine
from their compounds.
e.g. Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
 TRENDS IN PERIOD 3

• The elements in period 3 are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar.
• Moving along period 3 from left to right, the metallic nature of the elements
decreases( Na, Mg, Al) and the non-metallic nature increases( P, S, Cl, Ar).
• Silicon in Group IV is a semi-metal or metalloid.
• Each element has three occupied shells.
• Na, Mg and Al are good conductors of electricity, Si is a semi-conductor and P to
Ar are non-conductors (insulators).
• Na, Mg and Al gain 1, 2 and 3 electrons respectively when they bond with
other elements.
• Si shares 4 electrons.
• P, S, and Cl gain 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively while Ar is unreactive.
• Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right due to the increase in the
number of positive protons causing the attractive pull of the positive nucleus
on the valence electrons to get stronger.
• The ease of ionization and reactivity of the metals Na, Mg and Al decreases moving along the
period. As the atomic radii decreases the harder it is for the atoms to lose electrons to form
positive cations.
• Silicon does not usually ionize, it usually reacts by sharing electrons with other non-metal atoms.
• The ease of ionization and reactivity of the non-metals P, S and Cl increases moving along the
period as the atomic radii decrease and it becomes easier for the atoms to gain electrons to form
negative ions.
• Argon does not ionize and is chemically unreactive.