What do you do when

you read something and

you have a difficulty
understanding the text?

Think of the things you do to help yourself

understand a difficult text better.
 As you are now in Grade 10, you
are expected to have developed a
deeper appreciation for textual
aids. It is easier to understand a
highly technical text by picking up
key information and using them.
 Textual aids
•are educational instruments or tools that provide
support and facilitate understanding of texts.
•They activate background knowledge,
especially before reading a selection,   article, 
or any text.
Different Textual Aids to Help You
Understand What You Read
 Title
•A title when effective, activates background
knowledge on what you are about to read. It
also gives you an idea of what the text is all
about.
Examples:
•Death of a Salesman
•Romeo and Juliet 
•Sorry, Wrong Number
 Bold and Italicized Words
Some words are highlighted in the text to
draw your attention to important details.
Examples:
• The correct answer is D.
• Justin courted her for seven long years.
Bold text is used to capture a reader’s attention. When you italicize a
word, it gets noticed.

• She was the only girl who made it to the

Top 10 of the Math Olympiad.
• I have read the Guimarasnon Chronicles.
 Advanced/Graphic Organizers

•These are tools that use visual

symbols to express knowledge
and concepts through
relationships between them.
 1. Concept Map 
 

A concept map is a general organizer that

shows a central idea with its corresponding
characteristics. Concept maps can take
many different shapes and can be used to
show any type of relationship that can be
labeled.
Maps are excellent for brainstorming,
activating prior knowledge, or generating
synonyms.
2.Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart
• A flow diagram or sequence chart shows a
series of steps or events in the order in which
they take place. Any concept that has a distinct
order can be displayed in this type of organizer.
It is an excellent tool for teaching students –
the steps necessary to reach a final point. 
• The following examples illustrate the many uses of flow diagrams or    sequence charts:
In reading, sequence charts can be used to outline the key events in a story or chapter. 
In Science, they can serve as the procedures section in the scientific process. 
In history, they can be created as a timeline.
3.Compare and Contrast/
Venn Diagram
 
A compare and contrast or Venn
diagram is used to identify the
similarities and differences between
two or more concepts. The most
commonly used organizer, this
instructional tool is found in
textbooks, on standardized tests, and
in teacher resource materials.
 4.Cause-and-Effect Diagram

• A cause-and-effect diagram highlights the

direct relationship between different events
or concepts. This tool is one of the most
beneficial organizers because of its many
applications in all subject areas.
For example, this diagram might be used to analyze characters and events in reading, to
discuss major events in social studies, or to study the impact of a science experiment.
 5. Main Idea and Details Chart
• A main idea and details chart shows the
hierarchical relationship between major concepts
and their subordinate elements. This organizer is
extremely beneficial in helping students
distinguish central ideas and their corresponding
details from less important information.
 When using this type of
graphic organizer, clearly
label the main idea and the
details as such. Use a
different shape or area for
the main idea and the
details.
 6.T Charts
• T charts allow students to
study two facets of a topic.
For example, disadvantages
and advantages, pros  and
cons, differences and
similarities, etc.
 7. KWL Chart

• KWL chart is used for gathering

information from student’s prior
knowledge or experience. This 3
column chart captures the before
(what the reader already knows),
during (what the reader wants to
learn) and after (what the reader
learned) stages of reading.
 Non-linear illustrations
•These follow a non-sequential
reading path, any text that is not
read from beginning to the end
falls into the category.
 1. Pie Chart
• It is a circular chart cut into parts to show
magnitudes or frequencies.
 2. Bar graph
• A bar graph is a graphical display of data using bars of different
heights.
Thank
you!