Viral Infections

 Viral infections of the skin – Cazandra Pagaliluan

 Viral infections of the ears – Djanette Baculi
 Viral infections of the eyes – Rench Efraim Pancho
 Viral infections of the respiratory system – Joanna Marie Jayme
 Viral infections of the oral region – Lloyd Angelo Miranda
 Viral infections of the GI tract – Kamillah Sacbibit
 Viral infections of the genitourinary tract – Justine Yvahn Reyes
 Viral infections of the circulatory system – Joyce Moscosa
 Viral infections of the central nervous system – Alliah Geriss Javier
 VIRAL
INFECTIONS
OF THE SKIN
By: Cazandra S. Pagalilauan
BSN 1E
 Our skin is our body's
largest organ. It has many
different functions,
including covering and
protecting your body. It
helps keep germs out. But
sometimes the germs can
cause a skin infection.
Intact skin is a type of nonspecific host defense
mechanism, serving as a physical barrier. It is part of
the body’s first line of defense. Very few pathogens can
penetrate intact skin. The indigenous microflora of the
skin, a low pH, and the presence of chemical
substances like lysozyme and sebum also serve to
prevent colonization of the skin by pathogens.
Nonetheless, skin infections do occur.

SKIN
Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by
pathogens, following colonization of some body
site by the pathogen. Some infectious diseases
affect more than one anatomical site, and some
pathogens move from one body site to another
during the course of a disease. Listed here are
some terms relating to skin and infectious
diseases of the skin:
 WARTS (VERRUCA)
o It is a common, discrete, benign epidermal hyperplasia induced by different types of
DESCRIPTION Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

o Verrucas are caused due to the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

CAUSES o More than 70 types HPV can lead to a wart

o Warts are transmitted by direct contact or indirect contact (e.g., public showers or
MODE OF swimming pool areas). They can be transmitted to one's self or others. Picking or
TRANSMISSION scratching at warts can increase the risk of transmission.

o Seen as a small, round, elevated lesion with rough dry surface.

SIGNS AND o May contain markings resembling small black seeds
SYMPTOMS o Focal pressure on lesion increases pain

DIAGNOSIS o Visual Diagnosis

o The wart may disappear on its own as the immune system reacts to the virus.
o Otherwise, treatment may involve liquid nitrogen, salicylic acid, or dissection. Warts
TREATMENT should be covered during participation.

o Wear flip-flops in public showers, swimming pools and other communal areas.
PREVENTION o Walking barefoot can spread the virus.
 Verruca Vulgaris Filiform Warts

Electron micrograph
showing Papilloma
Planter Warts Verruca Plana
virus
 HERPES SIMPLEX
o HSV, also known as the herpes simplex virus, is the series of viruses that cause oral and genital herpes. HSV-1
primarily causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 most often causes genital herpes. Both viruses can lead to an outbreak of
DESCRIPTION
sores called herpes lesions, as well as other symptoms.
o Caused by both herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
o Herpes viruses cycle between periods of active disease followed by a remission period, during which lesions
CAUSES disappear
o After initial infection, the viruses move to sensory nerves, where they reside as life-long, latent viruses

o The transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is dependent upon intimate, personal contact of a
MODE OF susceptible seronegative individual with someone excreting HSV. Virus must come in contact with mucosal surfaces
or abraded skin for infection to be initiated.
TRANSMISSION o Herpes simplex is most easily transmitted by direct contact with a lesion or the body fluid of an infected individual
but may also occur through skin-to-skin contact during periods of asymptomatic shedding.

SIGNS AND o May experience tingling, itching, or burning.

o Painful sores may appear
SYMPTOMS
o Visual inspection of lesions is used for diagnosis
o A culture of the vesicle will provide definitive results in 24 to 48 hours or direct immunofluorescence assay
DIAGNOSIS
produces results in a matter of hours

TREATMENT o There is no cure for herpes. Antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks as
well as reduce asymptomatic shedding.
o Avoid skin to skin contact
o Practice good hygiene
PREVENTION o Avoid sharing towels or clothing with anyone
 Herpes Zoster Herpetic Whitlow

Electron
micrograph of HSV
from vesicle fluid Herpetic Gingivostomatitis Herpes Labialis
 MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOUSUM
o An infection caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). The result of the
infection is usually a benign, mild skin disease characterized by lesions (growths) that may
DESCRIPTION
appear anywhere on the body.
CAUSES o Caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus. It's part of the pox virus family.
o Transmitted by direct contact, fomites or sexual contact. Autoinoculation through
scratching is also suspected.
MODE OF o Transmitted by direct contact, either person to person or by shared items, such as clothing,
TRANSMISSION towels, and washcloths
o Can be spread by contact sports
o Can also be spread if a person touches the rash and then another part of his or her body
(known as autoinoculation)

SIGNS AND o Presents as a small, skin-colored, smooth and dome shaped papule with a central spot.
SYMPTOMS Lesions are very contagious

DIAGNOSIS o Based on its distinctive appearance

o In most cases, no tests are necessary
o Lesions spontaneously resolve in 6-12 months
TREATMENT o Aggressive treatment involves use of liquid nitrogen on each lesion or curetting each lesion

PREVENTION o Good personal hygiene is a key factor in avoiding transmission of this disease
Electron micrograph of the
virus appears as cylindrical
shape with rounded ends
and a criss-cross pattern of
nucleoprotein strands
To diagnose a skin infection, health care
providers will do a physical exam and
ask about your symptoms. You may have
lab tests, such as a skin culture. This is a
test to identify what type of infection
you have, using a sample from your
skin. Your provider may take the sample
by swabbing or scraping your skin, or
removing a small piece of skin (biopsy).
Sometimes providers use other tests,
such as blood tests.
The treatment depends on the
type of infection and how serious
it is. Some infections will go
away on their own. When you do
need treatment, it may include a
cream or lotion to put on the skin.
Other possible treatments include
medicines and a procedure to
drain pus.
End of Presentation
THANK YOU
Viral Infection of the
EARS
Djanette S. Baculi
BSN1-E
Viral Infection of the EARS

 The ear is the organ of

hearing 
 the ear is usually
described as having
three parts—the
outer ear, the
middle ear and the
inner ear.
Viral Infection of the EARS

There are three pathways for

pathogens to enter the ear: (a)
through the Eustachian (auditory)
tube, from the throat and
nasopharynx; (b) from the external
ear; and (c) via the blood or lymph
Viral Infection of the EARS
Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

 Otitis media often develop as a complication of the common cold.

Manifestation can include persistent and severe earache, temporary
hearing loss, pressure in the middle ear, and bulging of the eardrum
(tympanic membrane). Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever maybe
presented in young children.
 Otitis media may lead to rupture of the eardrum, bloody discharge,
and pus. Severe complications, including bone infection, permanent
hearing loss, and meningitis, may occur.
 Otitis media is most common in young children, particularly those
between 3 months and 3 years of age.
Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)
PATHOGENS

Otitismedia may be caused

by bacteria and viruses. Viral
causes include measles virus,
parainfluenza virus, and RSV.
Reservoir and Mode of Transmission

OtitisMedia is
probably not
communicable.
Laboratory Diagnosis

Ifpresent, a sample of discharge

from the ear should be sent to a
microbiology Laboratory for C&S.
β-Lactamase testing should be
performed on isolates of H.
influenza and S. pneumoniae.
Patient Care

 Positioning. Have the child sit up, raise head on

pillows, or lie on unaffected ear.
 Heat application. Apply heating pad or a warm
hot water bottle.
 Diet.
 Hygiene.
 Monitoring hearing loss.
Viral Infections of the eyes
Rench Efraim Pancho
BSN1-E
Viral Infections of the eyes

 Ocular morbidity is a major cause of herpes

viruses, HSV, VZV and CMV. The cornea causing
keratitis, which can be persistent and can lead to
corneal clouding and neovascularization, is most
frequently affected by HSV.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis
 An inflammation or infection of the transparent
membrane covering the eyelid and the eyeball is
the pink eye (conjunctivitis). It is marked, along
with itching, by redness and a burning sensation in
your eye. The discharge is often a crust during the
night on your eyelashes.
 In bacterial conjunctivitis, the three most common
pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus
aureus.
 There is rather contagious viral conjunctivitis. Most of the
viruses that cause conjunctivitis spread by hand-to-eye
contact with hands or surfaces infected by infectious
viruses. Via contagious tears, eye discharge, fecal matter, or
respiratory discharge, hands may become contaminated.
 The doctor will take a sample of the cells inside your
eyelids with a cotton swab during this operation and send it
to a laboratory to be examined by a pathologist. If the
conjunctivitis is caused by viruses or bacteria can be
determined by a pathologist researching diseases under a
microscope.
 Usually, pink eye treatment is focused on the relief of
symptoms. Your doctor may suggest using artificial tears,
wiping your eyelids with a damp cloth, and applying hot
or cold compresses several times a day. If you are wearing
contact lenses, before the procedure is complete, you will
be advised to stop wearing them.
Uveitis
Uveitis
 Uveitis is a form of ocular inflammation. The middle
layer of tissue in the eye wall is affected (uvea). Warning
symptoms of uveitis (u-vee-I-tis) often show up suddenly
and quickly get worse. Face redness, pain and blurred
vision are included.
 Herpesviruses: VZV and HSV. Herpes simplex virus
(HSV) causes antecedent uveitis. Varicella-zoster virus
(VZV) is less common, although the prevalence of
zoster-associated anterior uveitis increases with age.
Both HSV and VZV can also result in posterior uveitis,
but this is less common.
 Direct person-to-person communication is the mode of
transmission and the virus is mainly in urine, saliva and
semen. The majority of CMV retinitis cases are the result of
reactivation of the disease previously acquired.
 One or more diagnostic tests are required for many patients.
However, the experts suggest a series of specific
examinations, such as full blood count, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR), syphilis serology and chest X-
ray, since the background and physical examination do not
indicate the cause of uveitis.
 By taking eye drops that dilate the pupil to prevent muscle
spasms in the iris and ciliary body, prior uveitis may be
managed. To reduce inflammation, take eye drops that
contain hormones, such as prednisone.
PRESENTED BY:
JOANNA MARIE D. JAYME
Viral Respiratory Infections - affect the nose, throat, and airways and it
is caused by the different viruses.

Viral respiratory tract infections are typically divided into:

 Upper respiratory tract infections: Symptoms occur mainly in the

nose and throat. It may occur at any age.

 Lower respiratory tract infections: Symptoms occur in the windpipe,

airways, and lungs. Viral lower respiratory tract infections are more
common among children.
Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) include colds, the flu,
bronchitis, pneumonia and a lot more.
2.
a) Influenza A viruses are capable of infecting animals,
although it is more common for people to suffer the
ailments associated with this type of flu.

b) Influenza B virus is less virulent and is sometimes

associated with epidemic outbreaks.

c) Influenza C virus generally produces the mildest disease

symptoms and is rarely connected with epidemics.
Viral Infections of the
Oral Region
 01 Introduction

The Disease, its

CONTENTS 02 description and

manifestations

03
CONTENTS

The Pathogens

04 Laboratory diagnosis
and Patient care
Introduction
Part 1
 Viral infections of the oral cavity usually manifest as either
ulceration or blistering presentation of oral tissues. Oral viral
infections are encountered in dental practice but received less clinical
interest due to the lesser frequency of patients and diagnostic
challenges. The clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanism,
investigations, and management of oral viral infections are integrated
into the article which will enable general dentists to develop critical
thinking processes on differential diagnosis and management through
a multidisciplinary approach with specialist dentists.
A viral disease of the oral cavity is the infectious type of pathology affecting
oral tissues. Viral diseases may either occur due to cellular destruction or
consequence of immune reaction following viral proteins. Viral infections
typically present with abrupt onset and association of solitary or multiple
blister or ulcerations. Concomitant general symptoms such as fever,
malaise, and lymphadenopathy are observed in a few viral conditions. Viral
infections are also linked to the development and progression of
periodontal diseases. A viral disease of oral tissues is often encountered in
dental practice, however, limited attention is given in diagnosis and
management due to diagnostic challenges. Certain viral infections are
associated with tumor formation and, hence, early reporting and referral
to oral disease management are essential in dental practice.
 The Disease, its
Part 2
Description and
Manifestation
Click here to add content of the text ， and briefly explain your point of view.
HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMAN

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES

HSV are extremely widespread in the human population. They

exhibit a broad host range, being able to replicate in many
types of cells and to infect mamy different animals. They grow
rapidly and are highly cytolytic. The HSVs are responsible for a
spectrum of diseases.
HSV belongs to herpes viridae group and is a significant pathogenic virus
that is known to cause mucocutaneous conditions in the oral cavity and
genital region. HSV-1 and 2 are the two major types of herpes viruses
that can be distinguished by the distinct antibodies. HSV-1 is known to
have a significant association with pharyngeal infection,
meningoencephalitis, and dermatitis above the waistline; whereas HSV-2
is associated with genital and anal region infections. However,
depending on the sexual practices, HSV-1 and 2 can cause primary
and/or recurrent infections in the oral and/or genital region. Herpetic
infections that develop secondary to salivary contamination over the
finger are termed as herpetic whitlow.
The Pathogens
Part 3
The human oral cavity is home to a rich microbial flora, including bacteria,
fungi, and viruses. Oral tissues are constantly exposed to these microbes,
which form a complex ecological community that influences oral and
systemic health [1]. Discussion of the microbiological aspects of oral
disease traditionally focuses on bacteria and fungi, but viruses are
attracting increasing attention as pathogens. Viruses are generally more
difficult to detect among pathogenic microbes, at least with traditional
methods such as in vitro cultivation; however, the development of
sophisticated molecular tools, including monoclonal antibodies and viral
genome sequencing, have greatly advanced the field of virology over the
past decade or so.
A number of viruses have been found in the oral cavity, of which many
are thought to be involved in the development of various types of oral
ulcers, oral tumors, classical oral infectious diseases, and periodontitis.
For example, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes gingivostomatitis,
and the virus can subsequently enter a dormant state in the trigeminal
ganglion. Blood-borne viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) can enter the mouth via gingival crevicular fluid, and viruses
causing upper respiratory tract infections are also found in the mouth
[2]. Similarly, the mumps virus is known to infect the salivary glands
and can be found in saliva of affected individuals. Human
papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for several oral conditions,
including papilloma, condylomas, and focal epithelial hyperplasia, and
has also been implicated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
HSV-1 and HSV-2
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known by their
taxonomical names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human
alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human Herpesviridae family,
a set of new viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of
humans.[1][2] Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2
(which produces most genital herpes) are common and contagious. They
can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus.
Herpes simplexAbout 67% of the world population under the age of 50
has HSV-1.In the United States, about 47.8% and 11.9% are believed to
have HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Because it can be transmitted through
any intimate contact, it is one of the most common sexually transmitted
infections.
 Transmission
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are transmitted by contact with an infected person
who has reactivations of the virus. HSV-2 is periodically shed in the
human genital tract, most often asymptomatically. Most sexual
transmissions occur during periods of asymptomatic shedding.
Asymptomatic reactivation means that the virus causes atypical, subtle,
or hard-to-notice symptoms that are not identified as an active herpes
infection, so acquiring the virus is possible even if no active HSV blisters
or sores are present. In one study, daily genital swab samples found
HSV-2 at a median of 12–28% of days among those who have had an
outbreak, and 10% of days among those suffering from asymptomatic
infection, with many of these episodes occurring without visible
outbreak ("subclinical shedding").
Treatment usually involves general-purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with
viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak-associated lesions,
and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient
populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as aciclovir and
valaciclovir can reduce reactivation rates. The extensive use of antiherpetic
drugs has led to the development of drug resistance, which in turn leads to
treatment failure. Therefore, new sources of drugs are broadly investigated to
defeat the problem. In January 2020, a comprehensive review article was
published that demonstrated the effectiveness of natural products as
promising anti-HSV drugs.
 Laboratory Diagnosis and
Patient Care
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 cause genital herpes infections and
are the most common cause of genital ulcer disease in industrialized nations.
Although these infections are very common, the majority of them remain
underdiagnosed because they are asymptomatic or unrecognized. A clinical
diagnosis of genital herpes should always be confirmed by laboratory testing;
this can be accomplished through the use of direct tests for viral isolation, the
detection of antigen or, more recently, the detection of HSV DNA using
molecular diagnostic techniques. Testing for serotypes is recommended
because of the different prognostic and counselling implications. Type-specific
HSV serology is becoming more readily available and will enhance the ability to
make the diagnosis and guide clinical management in select patients.
 Patient Care

There is no cure for herpes simplex. The good news is that sores often clear
without treatment. Many people choose to treat herpes simplex because
treatment can relieve symptoms and shorten an outbreak.
Most people are treated with an antiviral medicine. An antiviral cream or
ointment can relieve the burning, itching, or tingling. An antiviral medicine
that is oral (pills) or intravenous (shot) can shorten an outbreak of herpes.
Viral Infections of the
Oral Region
THANK YOU FOR YOUR LISTENING
VIRAL INFECTIONS
OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT

BY: KAMILAH V. SACBIBIT

BSN-1E
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
-The gastrointestinal tract, is the tract from the mouth to the anus which includes all the
organs of the digestive system in humans and other animals. Food taken in through the
mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled as feces.It
consists of a long tube with many expanded areas designed for digestion of food, absorption
of nutrients, and elimination of undigested materials.

-Most of the microorganisms ingested with food are destroyed in the stomach and
duodenum by the low pH (gastric contents have a pH of approximately 1.5) and are
inhibited from growing in the lower intestines by the resident microflora (microbial
antagonism).
VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
- Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection marked by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or
vomiting, and sometimes fever. The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called
stomach flu
-It is an endemic or epidemic illness in infants, children, and adults.
-most often a self-limiting disease lasting 24 to 48 hours, viral gastroenteritis (especially when caused by a
rotavirus) can be fatal in an infant or young child.

PATHOGENS. The most common viruses infecting children in their first years of life are enteric
adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses (including noroviruses), and rotaviruses. Those infecting
children and adults include norovirus-like viruses and rotaviruses.
RESERVOIRS AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION. Infected humans are reservoirs of these
viruses; contaminated water and shellfish may also be reservoirs. Transmission is most often via the fecal–oral route.
Airborne transmission and contact with contaminated fomites may cause epidemicsin hospitals or cruise ships.
Foodborne, waterborne, and shellfish transmission have been reported.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS. Diagnosis is by electron microscopic examination of stool specimens or by

immunodiagnostic or molecular procedures.

PATIENT CARE. Use Standard Precautions for hospitalized patients. Add Contact Precautions for diapered or
incontinent patients and for patients with rotavirus infections.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
- Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver, which can have a variety of causes. In some
cases, the cause is viral infection. There are five main hepatitis viruses that are clinically significant:
hepatitisviruses A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D, (HDV) and E (HEV) (Figure 3). Note that other viruses, such
as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), yellow fever, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) can also cause hepatitis and are
discussed in Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems.
-occur as a result of viral diseases such as infectious mononucleosis, yellow fever, and cytomegalovirus infection.
- occur as a result of viral diseases such as infectious mononucleosis, yellow fever, and cytomegalovirus
infection.
SYMPTOMS: Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, weakness, pains followed by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dark
urine and jaundice.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 350 million people are chronically infected with HBV
worldwide, that about 1 million people die each year as a result of HBV infections, and that more than 2 million
new acute clinical cases occur annually.

Vaccines are available for HAV and HBV. The HAV vaccine, which contains inactivated virus grown in cell
culture, is recommended for people at increased risk of acquiring hepatitis A (including military personnel and
others traveling to regions where HAV is endemic, homosexual and bisexual men, and users of illicit drugs). The
HBV vaccine is a subunit vaccine, produced by genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae (common baker’s
yeast). At first, only recommended for persons at high risk of acquiring HBV infection (such as infants born to
HBV antigen-positive mothers, household contacts of HBV carriers, homosexual and bisexual men, and users of
illicit drugs), it is now also routinely administered to U.S. children. It is required for healthcare workers exposed to
blood.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS. Diagnosis is by electron microscopic examination of feces,
blood, bile

PATIENT CARE Use Standard Precautions for hospitalized patients; add Contact
Precautions for diapered or incontinent patients. Various immunodiagnostic procedures are
available for diagnosis of viral hepatitis.
THANK
YOU 
GENITOURINARY
TRACT
Justine Yvahn Reyes
BSN1-E
 Genitourinary Tract
•  a word that refers to the urinary and genital organs.
• the system of organs comprising those concerned
with the production and excretion of urine and those
concerned with reproduction.
• also called genitourinary system, urogenital
system, urogenital tract.
VIRAL INFECTIONS
OF THE
GENITOURINARY
TRACT
 Anogenital Herpes Viral Infections, Genital Herpes

Herpex Simplex Infections are characterized by a localized

primary lesion, latency and tendency to localized recurrence.
In women, the principal sites of primary anogenital herpes
virus infection are the cervix and vulva, with recurrent disease
affecting the vulva, perineal skin, legs and buttocks.
In men, lesions appear on the penis, and in the anus and
rectum of persons engaging in anal sex.
HSV-1 HSV-2
SYMPTOMS

• Itching
• Tingling
• Soreness followed by a small patch of redness and
then a group of small, painful blisters.
DIAGNOSIS

Observation of characteristic cytologic

changes in tissue scrapings or biopsy
specimens; immunodiagnostic
procedures.
Etiologic Agent

• Usually herpes virus, type

2(HSV 2); occasionally
HSV-1
RESERVOIRS AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Infected Humans
Transmission is via:
• direct sexual contact
• oral-genital
• oral-anal
• anal-genital contact during presence of lesions
• mother-to-fetus or mother-to-neonate transmission occurs
during pregnancy and birth.
PATIENT CARE
• Contact precautions for
hospitalized patients.
GENITAL WARTS, GENITAL PAPILLOMATOSIS,
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM

Genital Warts start as tiny, soft, moist, pink or red

swellings, which grow rapidly and may develop
stalks. Their rough surfaces give them the
appearance of small cauliflowers. Multiple warts
often grow in the same area. Genital warts also
developed around the anus and in the rectum in
males or females who engage in anal sex.
Etiologic Agent
Human papillomaviruses(HPV) of the
papovavirus group of DNA viruses(human
wart viruses); HPV genotypes 16 and 18 have
been associated with cervical cancer.
RESERVOIRS AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Infected Humans
Transmission is via:
• Direct contact, usually sexual
• Breaks in skin or mucous membranes
• From mother to neonate during birth
 DIAGNOSIS

Clinical grounds. They are often diagnosed by appearance.

Sometimes a biopsy might be necessary.
PATIENT CARE
• If your warts aren't causing discomfort, you might not
need treatment. But if you have itching, burning and
pain, or if you're concerned about spreading the
infection, your doctor can help you clear an outbreak
with medications or surgery.
• However, warts often return after treatment. There is no
treatment for the virus itself.
VIRAL INFECTION OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
J O Y C E M O S C O S A
 • INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- The circulatory system consists of the cardiovascular

system and the lymphatic system (lymphatic vessel,
lymphoid tissue, and lymph).
 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- CARDIO for the heart, VASCULAR for the types of blood
vessels.
- includes heart, blood, arteries, veins and capillaries.
 • BLOOD
- composed of plasma (liquid portion) plus the cellular
elements.
TERMS RELATING TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCLUDE:
• Endocarditis. Inflammation of the endocardium—the endothelial membrane
that lines the cavities of the heart
• Myocarditis. Inflammation of the myocardium—the muscular walls of the
heart.
• • Pericarditis. Inflammation of the pericardium—the membranous sac
around the heart.
• CARDIOVASCULAR TECHNOLOGISTS
- perform diagnostic examinations and therapeutic interventions of the
heart/blood vessels at the direction of the physician in one or more of the
following:
• Invasive Cardiovascular Laboratories
- cardiac catheterization, blood gas, and electrophysiology laboraties.
• Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratories
- echo cardiology, exercise stress test, and electro cardiology laboratories.
• Noninvasive peripheral vascular studies laboratories
- Doppler ultrasound and thermography laboratories.
•Bacteremia
•Transient bacteremia
•Septicemia
•Lymphatic system
•Lymph
• Lymphadenitis
- Inflamed and swollen lymph nodes.

• Lymphadenopathy
- Diseased lymph nodes.

• Lymphangitis
- Inflamed lymphatic vessels.
 DISEASE PATHOGENS RESERVOR AND LABORATORY PATIENT CARE
MODE OF DIAGNOSIS
TRANSIMISSION
• Talk. Be available
to have open,
honest
conversations
about HIV.
Human Contact with body Serological tests for • Listen. Being
AIDS/HIV infection immunodeficiency fluids (e.g., sexual antibodies and/or HIV diagnosed
virus (HIV) contact, use of antigens; nucleic acid with HIV is life-
contaminated test (NAT) for changing news.
needles) presence of virus • Learn.
• Encourage
treatment.
• Support
medication
adherence.
• Get support.
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Alliah Geriss M. Javier

BSN 1E
 What is the Central Nervous System?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the body’s nervous system that
includes the brain and spinal cord. It controls most functions of the body and mind.
 VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE CNS

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis is a rodent-borne viral disease that presents as

aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Asymptomatic or mild
febrile disease also occurs. Some patients develop fever, malaise, suppressed
appetite, muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, coughing, joint
pain, chest pain, and salivary gland pain. Possible complications of CNS
involvement include deafness and temporary or permanent neurological damage.
 MANIFESTATION
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

LCMV is most commonly recognized as causing neurological disease, as its name implies, though infection
without symptoms or mild febrile illnesses are more common clinical manifestations.
For infected persons who do become ill, onset of symptoms usually occurs 8-13 days after exposure to the virus as
part of a biphasic febrile illness. This initial phase, which may last as long as a week, typically begins with any or
all of the following symptoms: fever, malaise, lack of appetite, muscle aches, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Other symptoms appearing less frequently include sore throat, cough, joint pain, chest pain, testicular pain, and
parotid (salivary gland) pain.

Following a few days of recovery, a second phase of illness may occur. Symptoms may consist of meningitis
(fever, headache, stiff neck, etc.), encephalitis (drowsiness, confusion, sensory disturbances, and/or motor
abnormalities, such as paralysis), or meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and meninges). LCMV
has also been known to cause acute hydrocephalus (increased fluid on the brain), which often requires surgical
shunting to relieve increased intracranial pressure. In rare instances, infection results in myelitis (inflammation of
the spinal cord) and presents with symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, or changes in body sensation.
 PATHOGEN
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis is caused by lymphocytic

choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a member of the family Arenaviridae.
RESERVOIRS AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

Infected rodents, primarily the common house mice serve as reservoirs.

Humans become infected following exposure to mouse urine, droppings,
saliva, or nesting materials. The virus can enter broken skin; through nose, the
eyes, or mouth; or via the bite of an infected rodent. Organ transplantation is a
possible means of transmission. Person-to-person transmission does not occur.
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

Diagnosis is primarily by immunodiagnostic procedures and cell culture.

 PATIENT CARE
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

Use Standard Precautions for hospitalized patients.

No specific drug treatment is indicated in most cases of

LCMV infection. Most patients improve spontaneously
within 1-3 weeks with no sequelae. Ribavirin has in vitro
activity against LCMV and has been used with success in
transplant recipients with severe disease. Intravenous
ribavirin is not commercially available.
RABIES
Rabies is a preventable viral disease most often
transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.
The rabies virus infects the central nervous
system of mammals, ultimately causing disease
in the brain and death.
 RABIES

Rabies is a usually fatal, acute viral encephalomyelitis of mammals, with

mental depression, restlessness, headache, fever, malaise, paralysis,
salivation, spasms of throat muscles induced by a slight breeze or drinking
water, convulsions, and death caused by respiratory failure. The paralysis
usually starts in the lower legs and moves upward through the body.
 MANIFESTATION
RABIES

The incubation period may vary based on the location of the exposure
site (how far away it is from the brain), the type of rabies virus, and any
existing immunity.

The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu
including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. These
symptoms may last for days.
 PATHOGEN
RABIES

Rabies is caused by rabies virus, a bullet-shaped,

enveloped RNA virus in the family Rhabdoviridae.
RESERVOIRS AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION
RABIES

Reservoirs are various wild and domestic mammals, including

dogs, foxes, coyotes, wolves, skunks, raccoons, mongooses, and
bats. Transmission is usually via the bite of a rabid animal, which
introduces virus-laden saliva. Airborne transmission from bats in
caves also occurs. Person-to-person transmission is rare.
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
RABIES

Diagnosis of rabies is made by cell culture, antibody detection in

serum or CSF , antigen detection in tissue samples, molecular
diagnostic procedures for brain tissue, or observation of Negri
bodies in brain or other tissues. Negri bodies are viral RNA-
nucleoprotein complexes found in the cytoplasm of virus-infected
cells (i.e., they are intracytoplasmic inclusions).
 PATIENT CARE

Use Standard Precautions

Once a rabies infection is established, there's no effective treatment. Though a
small number of people have survived rabies, the disease usually causes death.
For that reason, if you think you've been exposed to rabies, you must get a
series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.

If you've been bitten by an animal that is known to have rabies, you'll receive a
series of shots to prevent the rabies virus from infecting you. If the animal that bit
you can't be found, it may be safest to assume that the animal has rabies. But
this will depend on several factors, such as the type of animal and the situation
in which the bite occurred.