Chemical Engineering

Process Analysis 1
(CHE 310) UND E
BA T
B A
ENTHALPY. CALCULATIONS
. D. E
G R
EN LECTURE 2
1
Heat Capacities and Specific Enthalpies
• As shown previously, the change in enthalpy can be calculated using
the heat capacity .

ND E
U
• To give the heat capacity some physical meaning, represents the

AT
amount of energy required to increase the temperature of a given
B
BA
amount of substance by 1 degree. 

. E .
• It is also called specific heat.

D
R .
• Common units for :

G
EN
2
Heat Capacities and Specific Enthalpies
• and are tabulated in handbooks
• If Heat capacities, is not constant for the given temperature range, it

E
may be expressed as a function of temperature in a power series such
as:

U ND
BAT
BA
• , , , can be obtained from textbooks and handbooks

. E .
• Simple relationships exist under two conditions
D
G R .
• for solids and liquids

EN
• for ideal gases
• For non-ideal gases, the relationship is complex

3
 Heat Capacities for Ideal Gases (at a temperature close to room
temperature)
Types of Gas Constant Volume Constant Pressure Molar
Molar Heat Capacity Heat Capacity
Single atomic gases
ND E
Double atomic gases
AT U
BA B
.
Gases with many atoms

. D. E
G R
EN
R = ideal gas constant; = – R. Sears and Salinger, 1982

4
Worked Example: Calculation of
The equation for the of Nitrogen gas , is given as
. Given that the units of and in the function are and
respectively, what is the value at and ?
ND E
AT U
BA B
D. E .
G R .
EN
5
Calculation of for a gas mixture
• For gas mixtures, the of the mixture is the mole weighted average of
the heat capacities of the components:

ND E
AT U
BA B
D. E .
G R .
EN
6
Worked Examples: Calculation of H for a gas mixture
An economic feasibility study indicates that solid municipal waste can
be burned to a gas of the following composition (on a dry basis):

ND E
AT U
BA B
D. E .
G R .
EN
7
• What is the enthalpy difference for this gas per between the bottom and the
top of the stack if the temperature at the bottom of the stack is and the
temperature at the top is ?

• The heat capacity equations for the gases are:

ND E
AT U
BA B
D. E .
G R .
EN
8
Solution

ND E
AT U
BA B
D. E .
G R .
EN
9
• If enthalpies have to be calculated frequently for species, build a table
of
• Enthalpy values of certain substance can be obtained from enthalpy
Tables

ND E
AT U
• Reference states used in such Tables are given

B
• Enthalpy values can also be calculated from standard heat of

BA
.
Formation

D. E
• Enthalpy values can also be calculated from standard Heat of
.
R
combustion
G
EN
10
Tables of Enthalpy Values
Enthalpies at for different substances at various temperatures can be
obtained from Tables in relevant textbooks. The following enthalpy
values can be obtained from Basic Principles and Calculations in

D E
Chemical Engineering by David M. Himmelblau (7th edition):
N
AT U
BA B
• Table D.2 Enthalpies of Paraffinic Hydrocarbons (C1 – C6)

E .
• Table D.3 Enthalpies of Other Hydrocarbons (ethylene, propylene,

D.
.
butene, acetylene, benzene)

G R
• Table D.4 Enthalpies of Nitrogen and Some of its Oxides

EN
• Table D.5 Enthalpies of Sulfur Compounds
• Table D.6 Enthalpies of Combustion Gases
11