By Dr.

Saroj Shrestha
MBBS
Cairo, Egypt
Orbit Bone
Contents of the Orbit:

••Eyeball
Eyeball
••The
The extraocular muscles.
extraocular muscles.
••Lacrimal
Lacrimal apparatus.
apparatus.
•Pad of fat.
Accessory Visual Structure :

• Eyelid, Eyelashes, Eyebrow

• Conjunctiva
• Lacrimal apparatus
Eyelid
Glands of Eyelid
• Tarsal or Meibomian Gland ( Modified sebaceous Gland)

• Gland of Moll ( Modified sweat gland )

• Gland of Zeis (Modified sebaceous Gland)

Chalazion Stye
 Conjunctiva
thin protective membrane of eye
non-keratinized, stratified squamous
epithelium with Goblet cell

Bulbar Conjunctiva Palpebral conjunctiva

Palpebral Conjunctiva Bulbar Conjunctiva

Anemia Jaundice
Lacrimal apparatus
 Lacrimal Gland
• Located at the superolateral part of
orbit.
•Secrete tear which contains water,
mucus, lipid, IgA, salts, lysozyme
enzyme (bactericidal)
•Tear is isotonic to blood and
0.9%NaCl solution.
Extra ocular Muscle
EXTRA-OCULAR MUSCLES
4 recti muscles:
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
2 oblique muscles
Superior oblique
inferior oblique
Nerve supply:

•LR6 : lateral rectus by abducent

nerve
•SO4 : superior oblique by
trochlear nerve.
•O3: others by oculomotor nerve
Eyeball
 I. OUTER FIBROUS COAT: Consists of
•Sclera: dense, white and opaque.
•Cornea: is transparent, 5 layers. Stratified
squamous epithelial cell.
 2.MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT:
•Choroid: is a black vascular
membrane.

•Ciliary body:

•Ciliary processes
•Ciliary muscle
•Suspensory ligament (is
also called lockwood’s
ligament or Zonular fiber or
Zonule of Zinn )

•Iris
 IRIS
•The Outer Radial or dilator
pupillae.
•The inner circular or constrictor
pupillae.
CAVITY OF THE EYEBALL
•Aqueous humor:
•It is a watery fluid fills the anterior and
posterior chambers of the eye.
•Secreted by ciliary process
•Provide nutrition to cornea through
diffusion
•Vitreous humor:
•It is a jelly-like transparent substance that
fills viterous chamber of the eyeball.
 Chamber of Eye

•Anterior
chamber is
the space
between the
iris and the
cornea.

•Posterior
chamber is
the space
between the
iris and the
lens.
Drainage of Aqueous Humor
 Ill- INNER NERVOUS COAT (RETINA):

•Consists of an
outer
pigmented
part and an
inner nervous
part.
Retina ( Ten Layers )
Ora Serrata
Serrated junction between Retina and ciliary body.
•shows 2 features: Ill- INNER NERVOUS
•Optic disc COAT (RETINA):
(papilla): consists
only of optic nerve
fibres with no
receptors (thus
called blind spot).
•Macula lutea: lies
lateral to the optic
disc & contains only
cones.
•  Tapetum Lucidum which
enhances the amount of light
absorbed by the photoreceptors
in their  eyes.
Disorder of Eye

Visual Acuity
6/6
Shortsightedness or Myopia

Concave lens ( Diverging lens )

Long-sightedness or Hypermetropia

Convex lens ( Converging lens)

Astigmatism

• Corrected by Cylindrical lens.

Presbyopia
Corrected by Bifocal Lens.
Glaucoma ( Jal bindu )
Intraocular pressure 12 to 20 mm Hg
Cataract
opacity of lens
Xerophthalmia
Dryness of Eye.
Conjunctivitis ( Pink Eye )
Trachoma
• Caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis.
1.Short sightedness or myopic vision is corrected by
wearing: ［ BP 2004]
（ a)Convex lenses (b)Concave lenses
（ c)Convex mirrors (d)Concave mirrors

2.Point of greatest visual acuity ［ IOM-1999]

（ a)Macula lutea (b) Fovea centralis
（ c ) optic disc （ d)Optic chiasm

3.Which of following is incorrect regarding Cornea? ( KU 2017 )

(a) Cornea is avascular (b) contains 5 layers
(c) cornea is middle part of eyeball (d) anterior part of eyeball

4.A person who cannot see the near objects clearly is

likely to use: ［ BP 2007]
（ a)Convex lens （ b)Concave lens
© cylindrical lens (d) bifocal lens
5.The tears of healthy girl would have osmotic
pressure isotonic to NaCI solution of: ［ BPKIHS-2003]
（ a)0.74% （ b)0.90%
（ c)7.40% （ d)9.00%

6. Which cell is used to see colour? ［ IOM-2001]

（ a)rod cells （ b) cone cells
（ c) corneal cells （ d) iris

7. Ora Serrata is part of ( IOM 2017 )

(a) retina (b) Choroid
(c) iris (d) cornea

8.Meibomian glands are present in

［ IOM-2009 ]
（ a)ears （ b)skin
（ c)eyes （ d)lungs

9.A person(>55 years)can not see the near objects,

the defect is ［ IOM-2009,MOE-2008]
（ a)Myopia （ b) Hypermetropia
（ c)Presbyopia (d)Astigmatism
10.The disease caused by bacteria in human eye is
known as..... ［ MOE-2011]
（ a)Protanopia （ b)Xerophthalamia
（ c)Glaucoma （ d)Trachoma

11. Vision cortex lies in [ IOM 2018 ]

(a) Frontal lobe (b) Temporal lobe
(c) Occipital lobe (d) Parietal lobe

12.The enzyme that is present in tears is [KUMET ]

（ a)Lysozyme （ b)Ptyline

（ c)Amylase (d)Lipase

13. Tear from eye is drained into ［ IOM-2006]

（ a)Oral cavity b)Nasal cavity
（ c)Ear （ d)Maxillary sinus

14.Yellow spot is found in: ［ IOM 1996]

（ a)Cones b)Rods
（ c)Retina d)Choroid