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Week 4
Week 4
► Histogram Equalization
► Histogram Matching
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Histogram Processing
Histogram h(rk ) nk
rk is the k th intensity value
nk is the number of pixels in the image with intensity rk
nk
Normalized histogram p( rk )
MN
nk : the number of pixels in the image of
size M N with intensity rk
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Histogram Equalization
The intensity levels in an image may be viewed as
random variables in the interval [0, L-1].
Let pr ( r ) and ps ( s) denote the probability density
function (PDF) of random variables r and s.
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Histogram Equalization
s T (r ) 0 r L 1
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Histogram Equalization
s T (r ) 0 r L 1
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Histogram Equalization
r
s T (r ) ( L 1) pr ( w)dw
0
ds dT ( r ) d r
dr
dr
( L 1)
dr 0
pr ( w) dw
( L 1) pr (r )
pr (r )dr pr (r ) pr (r ) 1
ps ( s )
ds ds ( L 1) pr (r ) L 1
dr
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Example
Suppose that the (continuous) intensity values
in an image have the PDF
2r
2
, for 0 r L-1
pr (r ) ( L 1)
0, otherwise
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Example
r
s T (r ) ( L 1) pr ( w)dw
0
r 2w
( L 1) 2
dw
0 ( L 1)
2
r
L 1
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Histogram Equalization
Continuous case:
r
s T (r ) ( L 1) pr ( w)dw
0
Discrete values:
k
sk T (rk ) ( L 1) pr (rj )
j 0
k nj L 1 k
( L 1) nj k=0,1,..., L-1
j 0 MN MN j 0
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Example: Histogram Equalization
Suppose that a 3-bit image (L=8) of size 64 × 64 pixels (MN = 4096)
has the intensity distribution shown in following table.
Get the histogram equalization transformation function and give the
ps(sk) for each sk.
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Example: Histogram Equalization
0
s0 T (r0 ) 7 pr (rj ) 7 0.19 1.33 1
j 0
1
s1 T (r1 ) 7 pr (rj ) 7 (0.19 0.25) 3.08 3
j 0
s2 4.55 5 s3 5.67 6
s4 6.23 6 s5 6.65 7
s6 6.86 7 s7 7.00 7
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Example: Histogram Equalization
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Question
Is histogram equalization always good?
No
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Histogram Matching
Histogram matching (histogram specification)
— generate a processed image that has a specified histogram
Let pr ( r ) and pz ( z ) denote the continous probability
density functions of the variables r and z. p z ( z ) is the
specified probability density function.
Let s be the random variable with the probability
r
s T ( r ) ( L 1) pr ( w) dw
0
1
z G (s) G 1
T (r )
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Histogram Matching: Procedure
► Obtain pr(r) from the input image and then obtain the values of s
r
s ( L 1) pr ( w)dw
0
► Use the specified PDF and obtain the transformation function G(z)
z
G ( z ) ( L 1) pz (t )dt s
0
► Mapping from s to z
z G 1 ( s )
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Histogram Matching: Example
z z 3t 2 z3
G ( z ) ( L 1) pz (t )dt ( L 1) 3
dt 2
s
0 0 ( L 1) ( L 1)
The transformation function
2 1/3
2 1/3 2 r 2 1/3
z ( L 1) s ( L 1) ( L 1)r
L 1
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2 1/3
2 1/3 2 r 2 1/3
z ( L 1) s ( L 1) ( L 1)r
L 1
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Histogram Matching: Discrete Cases
► Obtain pr(rj) from the input image and then obtain the values of
sk, round the value to the integer range [0, L-1].
k
( L 1) k
sk T (rk ) ( L 1) pr (rj ) nj
j 0 MN j 0
► Use the specified PDF and obtain the transformation function
G(zq), round the value to the integer range [0, L-1].
q
G ( zq ) ( L 1) pz ( zi ) sk
i 0
► Mapping from sk to zq
zq G 1 ( sk )
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Example: Histogram Matching
Suppose that a 3-bit image (L=8) of size 64 × 64 pixels (MN = 4096)
has the intensity distribution shown in the following table (on the
left). Get the histogram transformation function and make the output
image with the specified histogram, listed in the table on the right.
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Example: Histogram Matching
s0 1, s1 3, s2 5, s3 6, s4 7,
s5 7, s6 7, s7 7.
Compute all the values of the transformation function G,
0
G ( z0 ) 7 pz ( z j ) 0.00 0
j 0
G ( z1 ) 0.00 0 G( z2 ) 0.00 0
G ( z3 ) 1.05 1 G( z4 ) 2.45 2
G ( z5 ) 4.55 5 G ( z6 ) 5.95 6
G ( z7 ) 7.00 7
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Example: Histogram Matching
s0 1, s1 3, s2 5, s3 6, s4 7,
s5 7, s6 7, s7 7.
Compute all the values of the transformation function G,
0
G ( z0 ) 7 pz ( z j ) 0.00 0
j 0
G ( z1 ) 0.00 0 G( z2 ) 0.00 0
G ( z3 ) 1.05 1 s0 G( z4 ) 2.45 2 s1
G ( z5 ) 4.55 5 s2 G ( z6 ) 5.95 6 s3
G ( z7 ) 7.00 7 s4 s5 s 6 s 7
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Example: Histogram Matching
s0 1, s1 3, s2 5, s3 6, s4 7,
s5 7, s6 7, s7 7.
rk
0
1
2
3
4
5
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7
Example: Histogram Matching
rk zq
03
1 4
25
36
47
57
67
77
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Example: Histogram Matching
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Example: Histogram Matching
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Example: Histogram Matching
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Example: Histogram Matching
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Local Histogram Processing
Define a neighborhood and move its center from pixel to pixel
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Local Histogram Processing: Example
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Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement
Average Intensity L 1
1 M 1 N 1
m ri p (ri )
MN
f ( x, y )
x 0 y 0
i 0
L 1
un (r ) (ri m) n p( ri )
i 0
Variance L 1
1 M 1 N 1
u2 (r ) (ri m) f ( x, y ) m
2 2 2
p(ri )
i 0
MN x 0 y 0
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Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement
Local variance
L 1
s2xy (ri msxy ) 2 psxy (ri )
i 0
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Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement: Example
E f ( x, y ), if msxy k0 mG and k1 G sxy k 2 G
g ( x, y )
f ( x, y ), otherwise
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