Database

in
Information System

Dasar Sistem Informasi

Presented by: Rosni Lumbantoruan, PhD
Naive Bayes 1
 Topic Outline

• What are the problems of managing data resources in

traditional file environment

• What are the major capabilities of database

management system (DBMS), and why is relational
DBMS so powerful?
• What are the principal tools and technologies for
accessing information from databases to improve
business performance and decision making

2
Database in Information System\RSL
What are the problems of managing data resources in traditional
file environment
• An effective IS provide users with accurate timely and relevant
information.
• Accurate  free of errors
• Timely  when it is available to decision makers when is is
needed
• Relevant  useful and appropriate for the types of work and
decisions that need it.
• Think:
• Name an IS that can provide an accurate, timely, and relevant
information
• Name an IS that cannot provide an accurate, timely, and relevant
information  the data in there is have been poorly organized
and maintained.
Database in Information System\RSL
3
 File Organization Term and Concepts
• How information systems arrange the data in computer files and
traditional methods of management.
Database (a group of related files)

File (a group of records of the same type)

Attributes (student_id, course, data, grade)

Record (row of data)

A record describes an entity.

• Entity is a person, place, thing or event on which we store
or maintain an information.
• Each characteristic that describe the entity, called attribute.

4
Database in Information System\RSL
 Problem with the Traditional File Environment

• Systems tend to grow independently by developing their own system and

data file.
• The organization has multiple master
files, hundredth of programs:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Program data-dependence
• Lack of flexibility
• Poor security

5
Database in Information System\RSL
Data Storage on Different Media

6
Database in Information System\RSL
 Problem with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy and
Inconsistency • Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in
Program Data
multiple data files so that the same data are stored in
Dependence more than one place or location.
Lack of Flexibility
• Data redundancy wastes storage resources and also
lead to data inconsistency, where the same attributes
Poor Security
may have different values.
Lack of Data Sharing • For example: attribute student_id: has value 39044
and Availability
in Accounting and Finance but it has value of
s39044 in Human Resources.

7
Database in Information System\RSL
 Problem with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy and
inconsistency • Program-data dependence: refers to the coupling of
Program-Data
data stored in files and the specific programs required
Dependence to update and maintain those files such that changes in
programs require changes to the data.
Lack of Flexibility
• Any change in a program could require the change
Poor Security
of data that accessed by that program.
• For example:
Lack of Data Sharing
and Availability
• Changing the program to only accept 9 digit zip
code from 5 digit zip code.
• Other programs that need to access 5 digit zip
code will not work.

8
Database in Information System\RSL
 Problem with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy and
inconsistency • Lack of Flexibility
Program-Data • A traditional file system can deliver routine
Dependence
scheduled reports after extensive programming
Lack of Flexibility efforts
• It cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond to
Poor Security unanticipated information requirements in a timely
Lack of Data Sharing
fashion.
and Availability

• Poor Security
• Because there is a little control or management of
data, access to and dissemination of information
maybe out of control.
9
Database in Information System\RSL
 Problem with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy and
inconsistency • Lack of Data Sharing and Availability
Program-Data • Piece of information in different files and different
Dependence
parts of the organization cannot be related to one
Lack of Flexibility another  It is virtually impossible for information
to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.
Poor Security • For example:
Lack of Data Sharing
• Information cannot flow freely across different
and Availability functional areas or different parts of
organization.
• If a user finds different values of the same piece
of information in two different systems, they
mmay not want to use these information systems
 data inconsistency. 10
Database in Information System\RSL
Solution to the problems?
DBMS

11
Database in Information System\RSL
 Topic Outline

• What are the problems of managing data resources in

traditional file environment

• What are the major capabilities of database

management system (DBMS), and why is relational
DBMS so powerful?
• What are the principal tools and technologies for
accessing information from databases to improve
business performance and decision making

12
Database in Information System\RSL
 What are the major capabilities of database
management system (DBMS), and why is relational
Database
DBMS so powerful?
• Database
• a collection of data organized to serve many applications
Database Management
System (DBMS) efficiently by centralizing the data and controlling redundant
data.
Relational DBMS • Storing all data for all applications

Capabilities of DBMS • DBMS:

• Software that permits an organization to centralize data,
Designing Databases manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data
by application programs.
• Acts as an interface between the application programs and the
physical data files.
• Relieves the programmers and end users from the complexity
of how the data are stored.

13
Database in Information System\RSL
 Relational DBMS
Database

Database Management
• The most popular types of DBMS  the Relational
System (DBMS)
DBMS
Relational DBMS • Definition: Relational databases
• Represent data as two-dimensional tables (called relations).
Capabilities of DBMS • Tables may be referred to as files.
• Each table contains data on an entity and its attributes.
Designing Databases • Relational DBMS, examples:
• Ms. Access  a relational DBMS for desktop computers
• DB2
• Microsoft SQL Server
• MySQL  open-source DBMS

14
Database in Information System\RSL
 Relational DBMS
Database

Database Management
System (DBMS)

Relational DBMS

Capabilities of DBMS

Designing Databases

15
Database in Information System\RSL
 Capabilities of DBMS
Database
A DBMS includes capabilities and tools for
Database Management
System (DBMS) organizing, managing, and accessing the data in
Relational DBMS the database. The most important are:
1. Data definition language  create tables, database
Capabilities of DBMS etc.
2. Data dictionary, and
3. Data manipulation language -> select, insert, update
Designing Databases

data from the database.

The most popular data manipulation language  SQL

(Structured Query Language).
16
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases
Database
To create a database, you must:
Database Management
System (DBMS) 1. Understand the relationships among the data;
Relational DBMS
2. The type of data that will be maintained in the
database;
Capabilities of DBMS 3. How the data will be used;
4. How the organization will need to change to manage
Designing Databases data from a companywide perspective.

17
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases
Database
The database design requires both:
Database Management
System (DBMS) 1. A conceptual design and
Relational DBMS 2. A physical design
Capabilities of DBMS Conceptual Database Design
 Describes how the data elements in the database
Designing Databases
are to be grouped. The design process identifies
relationships among data elements and the most
efficient way of grouping data elements
together to meet business information
requirements.
18
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases – Notation (IE Notation –
Martin)
Database

Database Management
System (DBMS)

Relational DBMS

Capabilities of DBMS

Designing Databases

19
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases
Database

Database Management
System (DBMS)

Relational DBMS

Capabilities of DBMS

Designing Databases

20
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases
Database
Database designers document their data model
Database Management
System (DBMS) with an entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
Relational DBMS

Capabilities of DBMS

Designing Databases

21
Database in Information System\RSL
 Designing Databases – Notation (Exercise)
Database

Database Management
System (DBMS)

Relational DBMS

Capabilities of DBMS

Designing Databases

22
Database in Information System\RSL