CLD 20202

Introduction of
Process
In st r u m e n tation
 OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, you will able to:

 Explain the basic concept of process control.

 Relate the process instrumentation with process control.
 Define the meaning of process instrumentation
terminologies.
 Apply the concept of instrumentation symbols.
 Instrume
INTRODUCTION ntation

Electron
ic Basic Measure
Instrume ment
nt element

Instrume
nt
What is the connection with Process Control?

 Process control: automatic control of an output

variables by sensing the amplitude of the output
parameter from the process and comparing it to the
desired or set level and feeding an error signal back to
control an input variable.

 A temperature sensor attached to the outlet pipe

senses the temperature of the water flowing.
 As the demand for hot water increases or decreases, a
change in the water temperature is sensed and converted
to an electrical signal, amplified, and sent to a controller
that evaluates the signal and sends a correction signal to
an actuator.

 The actuator adjusts the flow of steam to the heat

exchanger to keep the temperature of the water at its
predetermined value.
 PRINCIPAL OF
PROCESS
• Part of process control INSTRUMENTA
TION
• 4 basic component for measuring process
variables:

• sensor: devices to measure the element

• controller: intelligent unit to control the
process
• control element: control valve, pump speed,
heating element
• controlled variables: element to control
 2 important component to measure
value:
Sensor: conduct the process variable
measurement
Transmitter: convert measurement
by sensor
to signal
(4-20 ma)

Relation between sensor and

transmitter:
- Linear
- Non- linear
 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

>Performance Characteristics - characteristics that show the

performance of an instrument.
Eg: accuracy, precision, resolution, sensitivity.

>Allows users to select the most suitable instrument for a

specific measuring jobs.
Two basic characteristics :
Static – measuring a constant process condition.
Dynamic - measuring a varying process condition.
 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Accuracy – the degree of exactness (closeness) of
measurement compared to the expected (desired) value.

Resolution – the smallest change in a measurement variable

to which an instrument will respond.

Precision – a measure of consistency or repeatability of

measurement, i.e successive reading do not differ.

Sensitivity – ratio of change in the output (response) of

instrument to a change of input or measured variable.

Expected value – the design value or the most probable

value that expect to obtain.
Error – the deviation of the true value from the desired value.
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
Measurement always introduce error
Error may be expressed either as absolute or percentage of
error

Absolute error, e = Yn  X n
where
Yn – expected value
X
– nmeasured value

Yn  X n
% error = 100
Yn
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
Relative accuracy,

% Accuracy, A = 100% - % error

Precision, P =1  X n  X n
where Xn

Xn - value of the nth measurement

Xn - average set of measurement

Example

Given expected voltage value across a resistor is

80V. The measurement is 79V. Calculate,

i. The absolute error

ii. The % of error
iii. The relative accuracy
iv. The % of accuracy
Solution
Given that , expected value = 80V
measurement value = 79V
i. Absolute error, e = Yn  X
= n80V – 79V = 1V

ii. % error =
Yn  X n =
80  79
100 100 = 1.25%
Yn 80

Yn  X n
iii. Relative accuracy, A  1  = 0.9875
Yn

iv. % accuracy, a = A x 100% = 0.9875 x 100%=98.75%

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT

• Basic elements of an electronics instrument

Signal Indicating
Transducer Modifier Device

1) Transducer
- convert a non electrical signal into an electrical signal
- e.g: a pressure sensor detect pressure and convert it to
electricity for display at a remote gauge.
2) Signal modifier
- convert input signal into a suitable signal for the indicating
device
3) Indicating device
- indicates the value of quantity being measure
Transducer
 A device that converts
information from
physical, (temperature or pressure) and
converts it to electrical, (volts or millivolts or
resistance change).

Transmitter
 A device that converts from one form of
energy to another. Usually from electrical to
electrical for the purpose of signal integrity for
transmission over longer distances and for suitability with
control equipment.
INSTRUMENT APPLICATION
GUIDE

Analog Multimeter
INSTRUMENT APPLICATION
GUIDE

Digital Multimeter
Get to know
 P & ID DIAGRAM

P & ID diagram ~ piping and instrumentation diagram

~ schematic drawing illustrates functional relationship
between piping, instrumentation and system
equipment.
P & ID DIAGRAM
Instrumentation Symbols and
Identification

 ISA 5.1 (1984)

 Suitable for use in the chemical, petroleum, power
generation, air conditioning, metal refining, and
numerous other, process industries.
 Certain fields, such as astronomy, navigation, and
medicine, use very specialized instruments that are
different from the conventional industrial process
instruments.
 Each instrument or
function to be identified
is designated by an
alphanumeric code or
tag number as shown
 The loop identification
part of the tag number
generally is common to
all instruments or
functions of the loop. A
suffix or prefix may be
added to complete the
identification.
Typical letters
Line Symbols
Control Valve Body Symbol