Eng Yrs7to10 Resource01 Poeticsslideshow Edited

YEARS 7 TO 10 |
ALL UNITS | RESOURCE 1: POETICS
Years 7 to 10 English
Poetics
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Sir Fwo
Introducing Sir Fwo

Sure, this is a totally mnaff, mnonsensical mnemonic.
That’s how the best mnemonics work.
S stands for sound

I stands for imagery
R stands for rhythm
F stands for form
W stands for word arrangement Source: Department for Education,
the Government of South Australia
O stands for other poetic devices
2
Sound
devices
Source: Department for Education,

3
Sound devices onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia occurs when the sound
of a word matches its meaning.
Sometimes, the sound mimics the
sound of objects, actions or people.
Source: Pixabay
4
Onomatopoeia
As English is a richly onomatopoeic language,
English speakers tend to associate certain
sounds with certain meanings.
Onomatopoeia is shown visually in comic
strips, graphic novels and classic 1960s
television series such as ‘Batman’.
Examine Batman Intro 1966 and
1960s Batman - Fight scene. Call the
onomatopoeic words out loud. Even if the
words are not said out loud, how does the
visual onomatopoeic add to the viewers’ Source: Pixabay
experience?
5
Sound devices cacophony
Cacophony
Cacophony is a sharp, clashing sound.
Dissonance
Cacophonous effects may add dissonance
Cacophony
and prove to be disturbing, blunt, blaring,
Din
startling, disruptive and clamorous.
Clamour
Cacophonous effects, alternatively, may Blaring
enhance the reader’s sense of humour, Blare
jauntiness, liveliness and playfulness.
Short vowels, plosives and fricatives tend to
be cacophonous.
6
Sound devices euphony
Euphony
Euphony is created when a sound
is pleasing to the ear. Singable
Musical
Euphonious sounds are considered
Melodious
harmonious, calming, musical,
Philharmonic
melodious, romantic and graceful.
Chanted
Long vowels, lulling liquids and nasals Liquid
tend to be euphonious.
7
Onomatopoeic effects
We don’t just hear onomatopoeia; we feel
onomatopoeic effects physiologically.
To understand onomatopoeia, it is useful to
know how the sounds – or phonemes – of the
English language are produced.
You are a poetic instrument.
How many different sounds can you make by
pushing air from your lungs, past your vocal
cords, around the amplifying spaces in your Source: Wikimedia Commons
head, and out your nose and mouth?
8
Sound devices alliteration
Alliteration
Alliteration is the strategic repetition of
the same sound at the beginning of words
in close proximity.
Alliteration is onomatopoeic. It may be
based upon repeated consonants or vowels.
It may be plosive alliteration, fricative
alliteration, sibilant alliteration, euphonious
alliteration, cacophonous alliteration,
or ethereal alliteration – depending upon
The cacophony of a WW1 battlefield.
the repeated sound. Source: Unsplash
9
Sound devices alliteration
Alliteration
Before serving in the France, War 1,
Wilfred Owen's poetry was influenced by
romanticism, beauty and imagination.
Poetry was transformed by the war. Owen
experimented with poetic devices,
particularly sound, to depict the battering
din of the trenches.
Wilfred Owen's poem Dulce et decorum
est starts with the plosive alliteration of,
The cacophony of a WW1 battlefield.
‘Bent double, like old beggars under sacks.' Source: Unsplash
10
Sound devices consonance
Consonance
Consonance is the strategic repetition of the
same consonant sound, either in the middle
or at the end of words in close proximity.
Consonance is onomatopoeic.
Source: Pixabay
11
Sound devices consonance
Consonance
In Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening, Robert Frost, uses both sibilant
alliteration and consonance to mimic the
hushing quiet of snow.
‘He gives his harness bells a shake

To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.’
Source: Pixabay
12
Sound devices assonance
Assonance
Assonance is the strategic repetition of
the same vowel sound, either in the middle
or at the end of words in close proximity.
Assonance is onomatopoeic.
It may involve short vowels, long vowels,
or the more howling, ethereal vowels.
The effect depends upon the repeated sound.
Source: Roger Ebert
13
Sound devices assonance
Assonance
In Shakespeare's play, King Lear, the climax
occurs when the King carries his daughter's
body onto the stage. The piercing assonance
of Lear’s cry heightens the devastation. It is a
difficult line for an actor to deliver well.
'Howl, howl, howl!

O, you are men of stones.’
Source: Roger Ebert
14
Sound devices rhyme
Rhyme
Rhyme occurs when similar sounds are
repeated at the end of lines.
Full rhyme matches final vowel-consonant
blends, such as in Green Eggs and Ham
by Dr. Seuss:
'I do not like them, Sam I Am

I do not like green eggs and ham.'
Source: Penguin Random House
15
Sound devices rhyme
Rhyme occurs when similar sounds are

repeated at the end of lines.
Traditionally, in pre-literate societies,
ballads and odes were recited or sung at
community gatherings in order to pass
on stories.
These poetic forms were heavily rhymed.
This meant the storylines were more
predictable and memorable.
Likewise, nursery rhymes also rely upon
full rhyme.
16
Sound devices rhyme
Rhyme provided cohesion, an underlying

sense that every word is properly placed.
The meaning of rhymed verse is
psychologically more persuasive.
Rhyme may also be playful and have
a touch of whimsy.
However, rhyme is not necessary in poetry.
Rhyme works best when it seems to
go unnoticed.
Forced rhyme appears as cheesy, silly,
artless doggerel.
17
Sound devices rhyme scheme
Rhyme scheme Typical

A
rhyme
A rhyme scheme is the pattern of scheme B
rhyme in a poem or song.
A
Letters are used to indicate which B
lines rhyme.
Lines designated with the same letter C
all rhyme with each other. D
C
D

18
WH Auden’s Stop All the Clocks employs a strict

rhyme scheme for each of its four stanzas.
Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, A

Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone, A
Silence the pianos and with muffled drum B
Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come. B
Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead C
Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead, C
Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, D
Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. D
Source: Pixabay
19
He was my North, my South, my East and West,
My working week and my Sunday rest,
My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;
I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.
The stars are not wanted now: put out every one;
Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood.
For nothing now can ever come to any good.
Based upon the rhyme scheme which is established
in the first 2 stanzas, what is the rhyme scheme for
the last two stanzas? Refer to the next slide.
Source: Pixabay
20
He was my North, my South, my East and West, E
My working week and my Sunday rest, E
My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; F
I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong. F
The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; G
Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun; G
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. H
For nothing now can ever come to any good. H
Source: Pixabay
21
Sound devices half rhyme and sight rhyme
Half rhyme and sight rhyme

Half rhyme (also called slant rhyme, near-rhyme or lazy
rhyme) is formed by words with similar but not identical
sounds. For example:
sight/sigh seem/seen cape/date.
Sight rhyme is subtler again. The words look like they are
full rhymes but are actually half rhyme. For example:
prove/love say/quay.
One of the first poets to use slant rhyme
was WB Yeats in Sailing to Byzantium.
Poets use such devices to disrupt expectations; to Source: Pixabay
create a jarring, disturbing or playful message.
22
Imagery

23
Imagery connotation
Connotation
Words may express the same idea but
carry different extra meanings or
connotations.
‘House’ ... carries different connotations
to …
Source: Unsplash
24
Imagery connotation
Connotation
connotations.
to …
‘home’ ... which carries
different connotations to …
Source: Pexels
25
Imagery connotation
Connotation
connotations.
to …
‘home’ ... which carries
different connotations to …
‘hovel.’
Source: Unsplash
26
Imagery metonymy
Metonymy
Metonymy occurs when one small object is
used to represent a large concept or object.
In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, when
Mark Antony begins a funeral speech with
‒
‘Friends, Romans, countrymen,
lend me your ears. I come to bury
Caesar not to praise him.’
‒ does Mark Antony really want to borrow Source: Wikipedia

his friends' ears?
27
Imagery simile
Similes
A simile is a figure of speech where one thing is
pictured as being similar to another.
Neuroscientists claim original similes cause neural
synapses to fire between parts of the brain.
Connections are forged where they did not
previously exist. Similes exercise and strengthen
the brain.
Source: Pixabay
28
Imagery simile
Similes
Commonplace examples:
as cool as a cucumber
as slippery as an eel
like a house on fire
like a fish out of water.
Source: Unsplash
29
Imagery simile
This Winter Pond by Ai Ch'ing

‘This winter pond –
Like an old man’s heart
That has savoured all human sadness
This winter pond –
Dry and sunken like an old man’s eyes
That have lost their lustre through hard labour.
Source: Unsplash
30
Imagery simile

Desolate like an old man’s hair
That is sparse, grey and frosted
Sullen like a sad old man
Who shrivels up under the sullen sky.’
How many similes does Ai Ch'ing use

in this poem?
Source: Unsplash
31
Imagery metaphor
Metaphor
While a simile compares one thing
with another, a metaphor says that
one object is another.
The effect is more intense ‒
‘The wind is the howling of the
dying wolf.’
Source: Pexels
32
Imagery listed metaphor
Listed metaphor
A listed metaphor is when one thing
is likened to a number of other
objects, in quick succession.
In Sylvia Plath’s poem, Metaphors,
how many objects is a pregnant
woman likening herself to?
Source: Pixabay
33
Imagery listed metaphor
Listed metaphor
Metaphors by Sylvia Plath
‘I am a riddle in nine syllables.
An elephant, a ponderous house,
A melon strolling on tendrils
O red fruit, ivory, fine timbers
This loaf’s big with its yeasty rising.
Money’s minted in a new fat purse.
I’m a means, a stage, a cow in calf.
I’ve eaten a bag of green apples. Source: Pixabay
Boarded the train, there’s no getting off.’
34
Imagery extended metaphor and conceit
Extended metaphor and conceit

An extended metaphor is a metaphor which
is played out over many lines, stanzas or an
entire poem. Different aspects of the
metaphor are gradually presented.
A conceit is an extended metaphor which at
first appears unlikely; however, it is eventually
proven as valid and clever.
Source: Pixabay
35
Imagery personification and apostrophe
Personification and apostrophe

Personification is a specialised metaphor in
which human characteristics are ascribed to
a non-human thing.
For example, time is not living. Yet even the
names given to parts of a clock personify it,
as if it is living.
Source: Pixabay
36

Apostrophe is a specialised form of
personification. The personified object
is directly addressed, as if it can hear
and respond.
For example, death is not a living entity,
but we are used to it being personified
as a fearsome, tireless force.
In films such as Ingmar Bergman’s
The Seventh Seal Death is a dark,
Source: Wikimedia Commons
foreboding creature.
37

In contrast, John Donne’s poem Holy Sonnet
X, uses apostrophe to chide death.
Death is told that it is not ‘mighty’, nor
‘dreadful.’ It hangs out with weak, criminal
types. It thinks it kills people, but when they
enter the afterlife, it is death itself which
dies. (Nerrr nerrr.)
Source: Wikimedia
38
Imagery hyperbole
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement which
is not intended to be taken literally. Hyperbole
are used for emphasis or effect.
Examples of common hyperbole are:
• I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!
• This cat weighs a ton.
Poetic hyperbole must be original. I’m so hungry,
I could eat you.
39
Imagery hyperbole
Hyperbole
In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare
emphasises the protagonist’s guilt with
hyperbole. Macbeth stares at his bloodied
hands and says —
‘Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this
blood Clean from my hand? No. This my
hand will rather The multitudinous seas
incarnadine, Making the green one red.’
40
Imagery allusion
Allusion
An allusion is a figure of speech where an
idea, object or text from another context is
referred to obliquely. The reader or listener
must make the connection.
Look back at this image in WH Auden’s
Stop All the Clocks —
'Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead
Scribbling on the sky the message He Is
Dead.’
Source: Pixabay
How do the capitals make this a biblical,
religious allusion?
41
Form
Source: Department for Education, the

Government of South Australia
42
Form basic structure
Basic structure
Title and opening line
The title and opening line immediately frame
and shape how the reader views the meanings.
Closure
Likewise, the poem’s closure frames the text,
leaving the reader with the poet’s main stance.
Source: Unsplash
43
Form basic structure
Basic structure
Line and line break
Words are organised into lines. The end
of a line is a line break.
Stanza and stanza break
Lines are organised in groups called stanzas.
At the end of a stanza is a stanza break.
Source: Pexels
44
Form common stanzas
Common stanzas
There are many different types of stanzas.
The most common are:
Couplet two lines

Rhyming couplet two rhyming lines
Tercet three lines
Quatrain four lines
45
Form sonnet
Sonnet
A sonnet consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter.
The lines are divided into 3 quatrains and a rhyming couplet.
Three conventional sonnet forms follow set rhyme schemes.
ABBA ABBA CDE CDE

Petrarchan sonnet ABBA ABBA CDC DCD
Shakespearean sonnet ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Spenserian sonnet ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
46
Form sonnet
Sonnet
A sonnet, by definition, is about some form of love. Stylistically, sonnets
are courtly, noble, confident and mannerly, due to their iambic pentameter.
The quatrains develop an argument. Toward the end, there is a turn or volta,
where the argument twists towards the poet's main message. The rhyming
couplet at the end of Shakespearean and Spenserian sonnets provide a
resounding sense of closure.
Petrarchan ABBA ABBA CDE CDE or ABBA ABBA CDC DCD

Shakespearean ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Spenserian ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
47
Form villanelle
Villanelle
A villanelle is a prized, rare set form. Its rhythms and
repetitions form a crying, lamenting, incantatory meaning.
Do not go gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas
‘Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rage at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words had forked no lightning, they Source: Wikimedia Commons
Do not go gentle into that good night.
48
Form villanelle
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright

Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,
And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.’
49
Form blank verse
Blank verse
Blank verse is written in regular metre but is not
rhymed. It is often written in iambic pentameter.
Between the 16th century and the early 20th century
much of the verse written in English took this form.
William Shakespeare wrote significant portions of
his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter. The
cadences still have poetic resonances for listeners.
We hear the rhythm as having a sense of gravitas.
50
Form free verse
Free verse
Free verse is an open form.
It has no consistent rhythm and rhyme.
Instead, it tends to follow the rhythm of
natural speech.
Source: 'Poetry is fun - free verse, imagination - Many different types

' by ghm575 is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
51
Word
arrangement

52
Word arrangement end-stopped
End-stopped
End-stopped poetry presents ideas so the breaks in
meanings fall neatly at the end of each line. There does
not need to be a full stop. The meaning needs to be neat
enough so that the reader can make sense of it, without
being forced to read on to the next line.
Blackbird by The Beatles
‘Blackbird singing in the dead of night, Source: Pixabay
Take these broken wings and learn to fly.
All your life,
You were only waiting for this moment to arise.’
53
Word arrangement enjambment
Enjambment
Enjambment occurs when a phrase carries over a
line-break. The reader must keep on reading the next
line, without stopping.
Enjambment can mimic the meaning’s insistence,
breathlessness, lack of control, headlong rush, and
playfulness. The meaning itself cannot be contained
by the mere rules of poetry.
ee cummings’ poem in Just-, like many of his poems,
makes extensive use of enjambment.
Source: Pixabay
54
In Just–
spring when the world is mud–
luscious the little lame balloonman
whistles far and wee
and eddieandbill come
running from marbles and
piracies and it’s
sprint
when the world is puddle-wonderful
the queer
old balloonman whistles
far and wee
and bettyandisbel come dancing
from hop-scotch and jumprope and
it’s
spring
and
the
goat-footed
balloonman whistles
far
and
wee Source: Pixabay
e. e. cummings
55
Word arrangement caesura
Caesura
A caesura is a pause in meaning in the middle
of a line of poetry.
A caesura emphasises the idea which comes
after the pause. The listener is left waiting. Caesura
makes the persona seem disrupted, disturbed, halting
and conflicted.
Return to Stop All the Clocks. Which line has the
starkest use of caesura. What effect does it have? What
has been disrupted? How is the persona disturbed?
Source: Pixabay
56
Word arrangement repetition
Repetition
Repetition may be the repeating of a word, a line or an entire
stanza. It may emphasis ideas, create characters, mindsets and
identities; it may add to setting and atmosphere.
The repetition of a phrase in poetry may have an incantatory,
obsessive or playful effect as in the opening lines of TS Eliot's
Ash-Wednesday.
'Because I do not hope to turn again
Because I do not hope
Because I do not hope to turn …'
Source: Wikipedia
57
Other

58
Other persona
Persona
The persona is the speaking voice of the poem.
The persona may be involved in the action of
the poem. Alternatively, the persona may also
be positioned as a critical onlooker.
The persona should not be confused with the
poet themselves.
Source: Unsplash
59
Other paradox and oxymoron
Paradox and oxymoron

A paradox is a statement that apparently contradicts
itself and yet might be true. Orwell’s party slogans in the
novel 1984 are paradoxes: ‘War is peace’, ‘Freedom is
slavery’ and ‘Ignorance is strength’.
An oxymoron is a condensed paradox. Contradictory
terms are used side-by-side to form a potent new
meaning. For example:
• living death
• fiend angelical. Source: Wikimedia Commons
60
Other puns
Puns
English has many words which have multiple meanings.
A pun makes intentional use of such double meanings
for humorous or serious effects.
How does Philip Larkin use the pun in the first
lines of Talking in Bed to paint a bleak picture
of long-term marriage.
'Talking in bed ought to be easiest,
Lying together there goes back so far,
An emblem of two people being honest.’
Source: Creative Commons – Peter K. Levy
61
Other diction
Diction
The diction used in poetry helps to create the
identities of the persona and other characters
and settings:
• everyday; slang or swearing
• abstract, technical jargon
• authentic ‘misspelt and ungrammatical’ speech
• non-English languages.
Source: Pixabay
62
Other parody and satire
Parody and satire

A poem may make use of parody and satire.
A parody takes another text and closely imitates
it. Original poems are sometimes parodied
for great effect. Sometimes this is just for fun, and
sometimes the purpose is to criticise.
Satire does not have to be an imitation of a text.
However, a satire's purpose is always to hold up
the vices, follies and shortcomings of individuals,
corporations, government and society for ridicule
and questioning. Source: '
White van pun' by dan taylor is licensed u
Parody and satire, therefore, overlap. nder CC BY 2.0
63
Other mood
Mood
Every text, not just poetry, has a mood and a tone.
The mood is the emotional atmosphere in the text.
Consider how characters and settings in a
poem create its mood. Identify specific nouns, verbs,
adjectives and adverbs that have been chosen.
The Word bank – setting adjectives in Years 7 to 10,
Resource 5, Charts and scaffolds has vocabulary
which could describe a poem's mood.
Source: Unsplash
64
Other tone
Tone
The tone, on the other hand, is the author's
emotional attitude towards the topic.
Emotion wheels, like this one, are handy tools
for identifying the tone of the author's message.
Note: The mood and tone of a text may
differ, intentionally.
For example, the mood within a text may be quite
jovial and humorous, while the author's emotional
tone may be biting and serious.
Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA
65

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YEARS 7 TO 10 |

ALL UNITS | RESOURCE 1: POETICS

© Government of South Australia, Department for Education, 2020

Introducing Sir Fwo

S stands for sound

Source: Department for Education,

‘He gives his harness bells a shake

Source: Roger Ebert

'Howl, howl, howl!

Source: Roger Ebert

'I do not like them, Sam I Am

Source: Penguin Random House

Rhyme occurs when similar sounds are

Rhyme provided cohesion, an underlying

Rhyme scheme Typical

Source: Department for Education,

WH Auden’s Stop All the Clocks employs a strict

Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, A

Half rhyme and sight rhyme

Source: Department for Education,

‒ does Mark Antony really want to borrow Source: Wikipedia

This Winter Pond by Ai Ch'ing

This winter pond –

How many similes does Ai Ch'ing use

Extended metaphor and conceit

Personification and apostrophe

Personification and apostrophe

Personification and apostrophe

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Source: Department for Education, the

Couplet two lines

ABBA ABBA CDE CDE

Petrarchan ABBA ABBA CDE CDE or ABBA ABBA CDC DCD

Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Source: 'Poetry is fun - free verse, imagination - Many different types

Source: Department for Education,

Source: Department for Education,

Paradox and oxymoron

Parody and satire

Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA

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