ENGLISH – COLLOCATIONS, NOUN-

NOUN COMPOUNDS, TIME CLAUSES AND

MODAL VERBS
Teacher: Lígia Parobé
 COLLOCATION
Collocation refers to how words go together or form fixed relationships.
Typical collocations incorrect/untypical collocations
Heavy rain thick rain
High temperature tall temperature
Have an experience do/make an experience

Strong collocations: are where the link between the two words is quite fixed and restricted.
Weak collocations: are where a word can collocate with many other words.
 COMPOUND NOUNS
A compound noun is a noun made by putting two or more words together to act as one noun.
These nouns can be written as one word (as in fireworks), as hyphenated words (as in well-
being), or as separate words (as in ice cream).
Making compound nouns:
• Noun + noun → as in ice cream, waistline and fireworks.
• Adjective + noun → as in hotdog and greenhouse.​
• Noun + verb → as in sunset and rainfall.​
But, compound nouns are also formed in other ways, such as:
Noun + preposition → as in passer-by​.
Gerund + noun → as in swimming pool and washing machine​.
Adjective + verb → as in public speaking and dry cleaning.
Verb + preposition → as in take-off and lookout​.
Preposition + verb → as in output and overthrow.​
 TIME CLAUSES
They are used to demonstrate a period of time based on an action or event, and require the use
of objects and verbs. São conhecidas no português como orações subordinadas adverbiais
temporais.
Examples:
• After – depois
O after é utilizado para se referir a uma ação que aconteceu após determinado momento.
After my brother arrives, I have to clean up the mess.
• As soon as – assim que
As soon as se refere ao momento imediatamente após ao que uma ação aconteceu.
As soon as John left home, It started raining.
• Before – antes
É usado para demonstrar o momento que antecedeu a ação.
I got my visa before I came to the United States.
• By the time – na hora que
Utilizado para falar do momento em que a ação ocorreu.
By the time Matheus left, I was already there.
• Every time – toda vez
É uma conjunção que carrega o sentido de frequência, ou seja, é usada quando algo relacionado a uma
ação acontece em seguida.
Every time I watch horror movies, I have nightmares.
• Since – desde
É usado para passar a ideia de que algo acontece desde determinado momento.
I’ve played soccer since I was 5 years old.
• Till/until – até
São utilizados para demonstrar a até um certo determinado momento.
We are open till 6 o’clock.
I waited until the meeting started. 
• When – quando
Usado para ações que se concretizaram ou irão se concretizar a partir de um momento específico.
When you get back, dinner will be ready.
• Whenever – sempre que
Com um sentido parecido com o de every time, o whenever é utilizado para situações que dependem de
frequência e coincidências.
Whenever I go home, my dog is waiting for me. 
• While – enquanto
É usado durante uma determinada ação, enquanto algo aconteceu.
While he was cooking, our parents arrived.

OBS: Toda vez que a frase começa com uma conjunção temporal, ou seja, possui time
clause no início da composição da sentença, a vírgula deve aparecer.
 MODAL VERBS
There are two types of  modal verbs of obligation:
• Those that primarily express a firm obligation or necessity - must and have to.
• Those that express a recommendation/advice, opinion or moral
obligation - should and ought to. 
Have to – Exist in all tenses and forms (also gerund anf infinitive).
*You need the auxiliary “do” for questions and negative.
Ex:
You have to wear a seatbelt in a car.
Do you have to work on Saturdays?
Don’t have to – Use when there is NO obligations/it’s not necessary to do something.
Ex:
You don’t have to pay – this museum is free.
You don’t have to go to the party if you don’t want to.

Must – Only exist in the present (it can be used with a future meaning).
Ex:
You must remember to call Emily – it’s her birthday.
You must be on time tomorrow because there’s a test.
Mustn’t – When something is prohibited.
Ex:
You mustn’t feed the animals.
You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.
Must or Have to?
Have to – Is more common for general, external obligations (rules and laws).
Must – Is more common for specific or personal obligations.
Ex:
I have to wear a shirt and tie at work.
(it’s the rule of the company)
I must buy a new shirt – this one is too old
(it’s my own decision)
You have to/must see this movie, It’s great!
Should/Shouldn’t – Is not as strong as must/have to.
Ex:
You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin. It might be cold at night.
You shouldn’t drink so much coffee. It isn’t good for you.

Ought (not) to – Is the same meaning of should/shouldn’t.

Ex:
You ought to take warm clothes with you to Dublin. It might be cold at night.
You ought not to drink so much coffee. It isn’t good for you.