Writing Measurable

Goals and Objectives

CURRICULUM, INSTRUCTION &

ASSESSMENT
 Goals of this Presentation
2

Appreciate the value of writing clear and

measurable behavioral objectives.

Re-evaluate objectives you have written and

work to enhance them.
Make additional efforts to enhance the
congruency of: Objectives, Individual
Professional Activities (PD, IPDPs)---Your
Own Action Items, and/or School &
Department Goals/Mission Statement.
 Goals and Objectives
3

What are objectives?

 Objectives are NOT goals. Goals are broad, objectives are
specific.
 An objective is a “foreseen end that gives direction to an
activity” (John Dewey, 1977)
 “An objective is an end toward which action is oriented, a
condition or state of being to be reached. It reflects how the
situation will be changed, improved or maintained. “ (Boyle)
An objective is a statement which specifies, in
measurable terms, the changes we expect in our
target audiences as a result of our programs.
 Objectives
4

Definition
 A statement in specific and measurable terms that
describes what the learner will know or be able to do.
Example
 Students will be able to construct a five paragraph essay
that follows the guidelines of the Florida Writes rubric
within a 45-minute timed writing session in English class
and explain the components in their essay that warrant
the highest score.
 Orienting Question

How do you tell a good objective

from a bad one?
 Elements of Strong Objectives

Target audience (who)

Criteria for coverage

Outcome (what)

Criteria for outcome

(measurable)
Personal actions to achieve

desired outcomes are SMMART (more later)

 Parts of an Objective
7
EXAMPLE: Students will be able to construct a five paragraph essay
that follows the guidelines of the Florida Writes rubric within a 45-
minute timed writing session in English class and explain the
components in their essay that warrant the highest score.
 Measurable verb
 Construct

 Explain

 Criteria
 5 paragraphs
 Within 45-minutes
 Conditions
 In their English class
 Sources of Objectives

 Expressed---Needs Assessments, Surveys

 Analysis of Data

 Research Results

 Policy, Legislation, Dictates

 Taxonomies, Schemata, Frameworks

 Strong & Weak Verbs for Objectives

Strong: Weak
to increase (what  to promote
by how much)  to encourage
to adopt (what  to understand
resource/practice,  to become aware
by what timeline)
 to work with
to present or to
demonstrate (what  to support
topics to whom,
when)
 Writing Useful Objectives

Use strong verbs

State only one purpose or aim per objective

Specify a single end-product or result

Specify a time frame for achieving results

May relate to taxonomies, schemata or frameworks

 Depth of Knowledge

 Adapted from the model used by Norman Webb, University of

Wisconsin, to align standards with assessments

 Used by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) for

assessment alignment in more than ten states

• Focuses on content standard in order to successfully complete an

assessment/standard task

• Descriptive, not a taxonomy---Not the same as difficulty

 Why “Depth of Knowledge”?

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires assessments to

“measure the depth and breadth of the state academic
content standards for a given grade level” (U.S.
Department of Education, 2003, p. 12
Mechanism to ensure that the intent of the standard
and the level of student demonstration required by
that standard matches the assessment items
(required under NCLB)

Provides cognitive processing ceiling (highest level

students can be assessed) for item development
Webb’s Depth of Knowledge levels:

Recall and Reproduction: Level 1

Skills & Concepts: Level 2
Strategic Thinking: Level 3

Extended Thinking: Level 4

 Bloom’s Taxonomy
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Levels of Cognition
 Knowledge (verbal recall)
 Comprehension Evaluation
 Application
 Analysis
 Synthesis
 Evaluation

Knowledge
 Applying Bloom’s
Using the story Goldilocks and the Three Bears

Knowledge – List the items used by Goldilocks while

she was in the Bears’ house.
Comprehension – Explain why Goldilocks liked Baby
Bear’s chair the best.
Application – Demonstrate what Goldilocks would use
if she came to your house.
Analysis – Compare this story to reality. What events
could not really happen.
Synthesis – Propose how the story would be different if
it were Goldilocks and the Three Fish.
Evaluation – Judge whether Goldilocks was good or
bad. Defend your opinion.
Depth of Knowledge vs. Bloom’s Taxonomy

Level 1 (Recall) Knowledge

Comprehension

Level 2 (Skill/Concept) Application

Level 3 (Strategic Thinking) Analysis

Level 4 (Extended Thinking) Synthesis

Evaluation
 Levels of Evidence by Claude Bennett
(from lowest level 1 of evidence that program is effective to highest level 7)

Level 1 Inputs
Level 2 Activities
Level 3 People Involvement
Level 4 People Reactions
Level 5 Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills,
Aspirations Change (KASA)
Level 6 Behavior Change
Level 7 End Result (SEEC-Social, Economic,
Environmental, Civic)
 Levels of Objectives

*Inputs
*Activities
*Participation
*Reactions
*Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills & Aspirations
(Behavioral intentions)
*Behavioral or Practice Change
*Social, Economic & Environmental Conditions
Outcome (aka: Educational ) Objectives focus on:

Knowledge change (Level 5)

Skill change (Level 5)
Attitude change or Reactions (Level 5)
Aspirations changes (Level 5)
Short-term, mid-range and long-term incremental
behavior change (Level 6)
May also include policy changes, decisions made,
etc.
 Program Objectives focus on:

Resources or Inputs (Level 1)

Activities (Level 2)
Participation of target audience (Level 3)
Meets micro needs
 Examples of Measurable Objectives
 Objective:
 35 Young Men of Tomorrow members will practice
communication skills in relationships with parents or peers
during the week of Sept. 15 as documented by their
sponsors’ communication logs.
 Objective:
 100% of science teachers who attended my science safety
workshop will implement recommended safety practices all
of the time after completing the program, as documented
by district safety inspector.
 Objective:
 Half of the teachers attending my math workshops will
implement at least one manipulative method for introducing
a math concept this year as evidenced by lesson plans,
observation, and follow-up on MLP.
 General Format

To (increase/decrease) (what) by (% number)

among (whom) by (when) as measured by (how
do you know).

Note: Under certain extreme conditions, in the

short-term, you may want to maintain (not
increase/decrease) a problem at a certain level that
has been steadily getting worse.
 Measurable: A Technique

Who will change? Assigned audience/s

What specific change will take place as a result of
your program? Specific target
When will the change take place? Timed
How will you know the change has taken place?
Measurable. What standard or method will you use
to know that the condition has changed.
Meaningful and Realistic are taken into account at
every step of objectives development
 Some Things To Remember About Writing
Outcome Objectives

 Objectives evolve from Goals and are tied to the

assessment process.
 Objectives are Future Focused.
 Remember, outcome objectives relate to outcomes and
not processes.
 For example, OCSD is planning a new program for recently
arrived ELLs.
 The objective is not "to provide information" but rather
"to reduce” the rate of retention among ELLs. A specific
percentage increase would be needed, too.
Providing information is an activity (strategy) to enable
the objective to be achieved.
 Common Errors in
Writing Goals and Objectives

Too specific to be meaningful

Too broad to be measurable
Too many to be manageable
Too few to be comprehensive
Too arbitrary to be relevant
Too boilerplate or “cookie-cutter”
to be individualized
 Comparison
26

Goal
 Students will gain an appreciation and understanding of
the value of applying the Florida Writes rubric to their
own writing.
Objective
 Students will be able to construct a five paragraph essay
that follows the guidelines of the Florida Writes rubric
within a 45-minute timed writing session in their English
class and explain the components in their essay that
warrant the highest score.
 Purposes of Objectives
Address the needs of Communicate the
your target public expected or predicted
Provide direction to your results or changes to key
program or activity stakeholders
Useful in selecting Forms the basis for the
learning experiences and evaluation if it is written
program methods in measurable terms
 Levels of Objectives
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What is the level of this objective?

 Participants will be able to name the three parts of a
behavioral objective.

What is the level of this objective?

 Participants will be able to write a behavioral objective
that contains a measurable verb, condition, and
criteria.
 Specificity and Level
29

Not So Specific:
 The learner will be able to: orally discuss the elements of
a story
More Specific:
 The learner will be able to: orally present a short story’s
parts in a logical sequence (Setting, Characters, Conflict,
Resolution), chronologically develop the elements,
summarize the actions of the protagonist and antagonist,
as well as highlight any details that may have been
influenced by the author’s background or experiences.
 Good Objectives are SMMART

Specific- tells what change is going to occur. Has a

clear focus
Meaningful – relates to identified needs
Measurable- definite means to measure to see if
change occurred. Can observe it empirically
Assigned to a specific target audience
Realistic- can be accomplished
Timed- specific time to be achieved by
 Measurable and Observable

Can look back and tell whether you achieved your

aim
Typically associated with quantifiable information,
but can be qualitative
Ex: Expected level of improvement in math for an
academic enrichment program as evidenced by pre
and post program math test scores
 Using the SMMART Process

When writing goals and objectives, keep them

SMMART:
. Specific. Use specific rather than generalized
language:
 Clearly state the issue, the target group, the time and place of
the program.
 Poorly stated goal : The district’s Title I program will reduce the
number of ELLs retained.
 Clearer goal : As a strategy for reducing retention rates, ELLs
will participate in an intensive supplementary instructional
after-school program which will focus on supplementary
instruction on grade level benchmarks using effective ESOL
strategies.
 Using the SMMART Process

Meaningful. Relates to identified needs.

 Example of a non-meaningful objective:
 To support all of our schools in their efforts for
success
 Example of a more meaningful objective:
 To personally provide writing workshops in 10 of our
schools that are aligned with a need reflected in their
disaggregated school data which will result in a 5%
overall increase in Level 6 writing scores in those
schools.
 Using the SMMART Process

 Measurable.Be clear in the objective about what

will be changed and by howmuch. Setting this
clearly at the startmakes it easier to evaluate:
Example of a non-measurable objective
 To raise awareness of the low literacy rate of parents of ELLs.
 Example of a measurable objective
 Within 6 weeks of running an evening family literacy program
in each of the district’s 6 high schools, the attendance rate of
participants will increase by 5% and survey results will indicate
a 50% increase in the number of families that have implemented
reading strategies at home as evidenced by reading logs.
 Using The SMMART Process

Achievable. Be realistic about what the

program can achieve in terms of the
scale/scope of what is being done, the time and
resources available:
 Unrealistic: The percent of ELLs scoring at Level 1 will
be reduced 50% at the end of the project period.
 Realistic: When compared to the baseline, there will be
a statistically significant reduction (5%) in the number
and percent of ELLs scoring at Levels 1 & 2 in reading.
 Using the SMMART Process

 Relevant: Objectives need to relate to and be

relevant to the goals. Remember objectives are
the building blocks/steps toward meeting the
goals:
 Not Very relevant:
 80% of the middle school students who received supplementary
services funded by this project will gain at least one level as
measured by the FCAT in reading.
 More relevant
 An analysis of end of the year reading scores for ELLs will
demonstrate that at least 80% of the middle school students will
gain at least one level as measured by the FCAT in reading.
 Using the SMMART Process
Time Specific. Be clear in the objectives
about the timeframe in which the
program/activities, as well as expected
changes, will take place:
 At the conclusion of the program, there will be a 7%
(statistically significant) increase, when compared to
baseline data, in the proportion of ELLs who have
mastered listening, speaking, reading & writing in
English.
 What is a Goal?

A Goal is a general statement of a desired state

toward which a program is directed.

see Rossi et al., 2004:98

 Goals
39

Definition
 A statement that describes in broad terms what the
learner will do.
Example
 Students will gain an appreciation and understanding of
the value of applying the Florida Writes rubric to their
own writing.
 Goal Writing

Good goal writing takes into account the

long-range vision and states it in short-range
measures.

Good goal writing is essentially the same

challenge regardless of the “form”.
 Articulate measurable goals

 Goals must be directly related to the student needs

as identified in the present level data.

 Goals are positive statements of student or teacher

performance.

 Goals must address reasonable, broader outcomes.

 Goals provide the logical connection between

student needs and service implications.
 Sample Goal  Objective  Strategy

 Your Goal is to ensure that middle school students get

the adequate career information on a weekly basis.
 Your SMMART Objective might be: By 5/31/09, 90% of
middle schools in OCSD will have implemented career
information units for their middle school students.
 One of your Strategies might be: By 1/15/09, create &
distribute packets to middle school principals educating
them about the benefits of career information units for
middle school students.
 Examples—Make them better
43

Adam will get better with adding and

subtracting two digit numbers.
Change this to a SMMART Report
 SMMART Report
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Adam will be able to add two digit numbers with re-

grouping with 80% accuracy. He will also be able to
subtract two digit numbers without re-grouping with
70% accuracy. We will continue to work on
subtraction with and without borrowing. Please
continue to practice the basic subtraction facts with
Adam.
 Some Things To Remember About Writing
Objectives

 Objectives May be Long-term (Impact):

 Long-term but still realistic

 Based on expected achievements of program or actions
 Deals with determinants of proficiency that
can be measured (ex. level of understanding of math/science,
speaking, reading & writing)
 Deals with determinants of academic achievement that
can be measured (FCAT Levels)
 Do not happen immediately-measured after many months
 Dependent upon some action (strategies) personally undertaken
to improve student achievement
 SMMART!
 References

Guion, Lisa A., Baugh, E. & Marcus, J.

(2006). Writing “SMMART” objectives. EDIS.
Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University
of Florida. Publication # FY824
Impact Statements, Michigan Agricultural
Experiment Station, available at
http://www.maes.msu.edu/intranet/Report_impa
ct.htm#Example2
Rockwell, K & Bennett, C (1995) Targeting
Outcomes of Programs, available at
http://citnews.unl.edu/TOP/english/index.html