Quantum numbers

Bohr model Quantum mechanics

Electrons in orbits Electrons in orbitals

 Review
• Atomic number = # electrons

• Each orbital can hold two electrons

• Orbitals  diffuse electron cloud

• “lower energy electron”  closer to nucleus

• Outer electrons: “valence” most reactive

 The principle quantum number ( n )

• The principal quantum number is related to the size and the energy of
the orbital , As n increases the orbital becomes larger and the
electron spends more time farther from the nucleus.
 The principle quantum number ( n )

• An increase in n also means higher energy .

 The principle quantum number (n)

• n=1,2,3,4,…

• n= k , L , M , N , … “ shells “

M L K
 Angular momentum quantum number ( l )

• Has integral value ( 0 n–1)

for example : n = 4 then l = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

• The value of l for a particular orbital is commonly assigned a letter

4 3 2 1 0 Value of ( l )

g f d P S Letter used
 Angular momentum quantum number ( l )

• This quantum number is related to the shape of atomic orbitals.

For example :

- n = 1 then l = 0 ( s orbital )

- n = 2 then l = 0 , 1 . l = 0 ( s orbital )

l = 1 ( p orbital )
 Angular momentum quantum number ( l )

• There are the orbital shapes of this quantum numbers :

 The magnetic quantum number ( ml )

• Has integral value between l and – l ( including zero ).

for example :

l = 2 then ml = -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2
 The magnetic quantum number ( ml )
The value of ml is related to the orientation of the orbital in space
relative to the other orbitals in the atom.

for example :

• l = 0 then ml = 0

• l = 1 then ml = -1 , 0 , 1
 “ Spin ” quantum number (ms)

• This quantum number is related to the direction of the orbital

• The spin quantum number only has two possible values.

ms = -1/2 ( down )

ms = +1/2 ( up )
 “ Spin ” quantum number (ms)

• Spin quantum numbers effects :

- Every orbital can hold up to two electrons

- The two electrons are designated as having one spin up  and one

spin down 
 Quantum numbers for the first four levels of orbitals in the
hydrogen atom :
No. of ml Sublevel designation l n
orbitals
1 0 1s 0 1
1 0 2s 0 2
3 1 , 0 ,1- 2p 1

1 0 3s 0 3
3 1 , 0 , 1- 3p 1
5 2 , 1 , 0 , 1- , 2 - 3d 2

1 0 4s 0 4
3 1 , 0 , 1- 4p 1
5 2 , 1 , 0 , 1- , 2 - 4d 2
7 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1- , 2 - , 3- 4f 3
Quantum numbers for the first four levels of orbitals in the hydrogen
atom :
Made by :

• Anton Youssef

• Bavly atef
Mr. Mostafa
• Bishoy sabry

• Hazem ahmed

• Mohammed hegazy