FRIENDLY REMINDERS:

1. Take the Pre-test in our Physics subject

2. Fill-up the Attendance Sheet
3. View the Videos in the USTeP
4. Read and answer the Learning Activities provided in the
USTeP
5. Answer the 10-item Quiz per topic after the discussion
6. Link for synchronous classes are provided per week
7. In the end of the synchronous classes (3rd meeting), you are
required to answer the Post-test and Evaluation
Simple DC Circuits & the
Relationship between
Electricity & Magnetism
in Electromagnets
Merlyn G. Gonzales
 At the end of the lesson, participants will be able to:
Objectives  1. Identify the term schematic diagram and identify the
components in a circuit from a simple schematic
diagram; and
 2. Construct a pathway for electrical charges to travel
on to make a bulb light up as well as make a simple
electromagnet to show the relationship of electricity
and magnetism.
 • Electric current is the continuous flow of electric charges in a
conducting path like a wire when the conducting material is
connected to a battery.
Electric  The faster the movement of electrons the higher the current.

Current (I)
• In science, we can build and draw models
of the paths electricity can take.
• The physical models we build are called
electrical circuits.
• Electrical circuit is defined as a set of
electrical components connected to
provide one or more complete paths for
movement of charge.
 • A circuit is a complete path for the
electrons to follow as they flow, if the path
is not complete, there can be no flow
between two points.
Simple
Electrical
Circuit
 Two main types of current used in most electronic circuits:
1. Alternating current (AC)
AC versus DC 2. Direct current (DC).

• Direct Current (DC) - is the constant flow of electric charge in one direction.
• Batteries generate direct current to power handheld items.
• Most electronics use direct current for internal power often converting
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using a transformer.

• Alternating Current (AC) - is current where the flow of electric charge is

constantly changing directions.
• It is mostly used today to transmit power on power lines.
• In the United States the frequency at which the current alternates is 60 Hertz.
Some other countries use 50 Hertz as the standard frequency.
DC Circuit
 The closed path in which the direct current flows is
called the DC circuit. The current flows in only one
direction and it is mostly used in low voltage
applications. The resistor is the main component of the
DC circuit (for a low voltage).

 A simple DC circuit is shown in the figure which

contains a DC source (battery), a load lamp, a switch,
connecting leads, & measuring instruments like
ammeter and voltmeter. The load resistor is connected
in series, parallel or series-parallel combination as per
requirement.
  The DC electric circuit is mainly classified into three
Types of DC groups.
Circuit
 1. Series DC circuit

 2. Parallel DC circuit

 3. Series and Parallel DC circuit

  The circuit in which have DC series source, and the number of
resistors are connected end to end so that same current flow through
DC Series them is called a DC series circuit.
Circuit  In the series circuit the resistor R1, R2, and R3 are connected in series
across a supply voltage of V volts. The same current I is flowing
through all the three resistors.
 In such type of circuit all the lamps are controlled by the single switch
and they cannot be controlled individually. The most common
application of this circuit is for decoration purpose where a number
of low voltage lamps are connected in series.
  The circuit  which have DC source and one end of all the resistors is
joined to a common point and other end are also joined to another
DC Parallel common point so that current flows through them is called a DC
Circuit parallel circuit.
 In this simple parallel circuit, the three resistor R1, R2, and R3 are
connected in parallel across a supply voltage of V volts.
 The current flowing through them is I1, I2 and I3 respectively.
 All the resistance is operated to the same voltage, therefore all of
them are connected in parallel.
 Each of them can be controlled individually with the help of a
separate switch.
  It is the circuit in which series and parallel circuit are connected in
DC Series- series.
Parallel Circuit  In this circuit, two resistor R1 and R2 are connected in parallel with
each other across terminal AB.
 The other three resistors R3, R4 and R6 are connected in parallel
with each other across terminal BC.
 The two groups of resistor RAB and RBC are connected in series with
each other across the supply voltage of V volts.
Simple DC
Circuit

(Using Phet
Simulation)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

ELECTRICITY

• Electricity is the property of charged particles such

as electrons and protons.

• It can also means an electric charge.

• It also refers to the flowing of motion of an electric

charge.

• It is an electrical energy.

• The rate of movement of electrons can be

measured over a certain amount of time.
• In our study of electricity, it is important to
remember that energy is constantly converted in
the following manner:

1. Chemical potential energy is converted to

electrical potential energy in a battery. 

2. Electrical potential energy is changed to

thermal energy, light, mechanical energy as
the electricity moves through different
materials.
 Electro-
magnetism
  The relationship between magnetism and electricity was first
Relationship established by physicist Hans Christian Oersted in the early
between part of the nineteenth century. He observed that when a
magnetic compass needle is placed near a wire that is
Electricity & carrying electric current, the needle get deflected. This
Magnetism showed that electric current produces a magnetic field in the
nearby region.

 The English physicist Michael Faraday went on to explain the

relationship between electricity and magnetism further.
According to him, if magnetic fields are changed through a
loop of wire, then electric current will be produced within the
wire.
Hans Christian
Oersted
Experiment
 Michael
Faraday’s
Experiment
Electricity
and
Magnetism
Magnets
  The Fundamental Principles of Electromagnetism
Magnetism
 The word electromagnetism comes from a combination of the Greek works elektron, meaning
"amber" and magnetis lithos, meaning "Magnesian stone," which is a magnetic iron ore. The
ancient Greeks were familiar with electricity and magnetism, but considered them to be two
separate phenomena.

 The relationship known as electromagnetism wasn't described until James Clerk Maxwell

published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873. Maxwell's work included twenty
famous equations, which have since been condensed into four partial differential equations. The
basic concepts represented by the equations are as follows: 

 Like electric charges repel, and unlike electric charges attract. The force of attraction or
repulsion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

 Magnetic poles always exist as north-south pairs. Like poles repel like and attract unlike.

 An electric current in a wire generates a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the
magnetic field (clockwise or counterclockwise) depends on the direction of the current. This is
the "right hand rule," where the direction of the magnetic field follows the fingers of your right
hand if your thumb is pointing in the current direction.

 Moving a loop of wire toward or away from a magnetic field induces a current in the wire. The
direction of the current depends on the direction of the movement.
Induced Current
No Current
FUN TIME

Magic
Magnets