INTRODUCTION TO

SET
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
Illustrate well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set and
cardinality of sets, union and intersection of sets and the
difference of two sets. (M7NS-Ia-1)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define set and the terms related to them
2. Give examples on how to represent and write the different
kinds of sets.
3. Illustrate well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set
and cardinality of sets, union and intersection of sets and
the difference of two sets.
LIST OF TOPICS
I. SET THEORY
A. Introduction to Sets
1. Definition of set
2. Set Representations
3. Types of Sets
4. Finite Set Vs. Infinite Set
5. Equal Set Vs. Equivalent Set
6. Cardinality of set
7. Set Operations
DEFINITION OF SETS
A set is a well- defined group of objects that share the same
characteristic. Well – defined means that the objects are clearly
stated or described.
Examples.

1. Set X is a set of numbers less than 10.

 Well-defined set

2. Set Y is a set of people.
 Not a well-defined set
DEFINITION OF SETS

  Elements
Capital Letter
Note that:
∈
used to describe the element of the set.
∉used to describe those that are not
an element of the set.
DEFINITION OF SETS

Examples:
 Example Translates to
Triangle A “Triangle” is an element of Set A
Rectangle A “Rectangle” is an element of Set A
Circle A “Circle” is an element of Set A
1 B “1” is an element of Set B
2 B “2” is an element of Set B
3 B “3” is an element of Set B
4 B “4” is an element of Set B
5 B “5” is an element of Set B
SET REPRESENTATION

“Roster method and Rule Method”

Example:
Set R as the set of rainbow colors
 
SET REPRESENTATION

Example:
1. The roster method or listing method can be done by
Set Ra list
making as ofthe
theset of rainbow
elements of a set. colors

𝑅=¿{ Red , Orange , Yellow

 
, , Blue
Green , Violet }
, Indigo
SET REPRESENTATION

Example:
Set R as the set of rainbow colors
 
2. The Rule method or Set-builder Notation can be done by
using the symbol, 𝑥|𝑥 or read as “𝑥 such that 𝑥” followed by the
description of the set in singular form, and enclosed with
braces { }.

𝑅=𝑥∨𝑥
{ is a color in the rainbow}
SET REPRESENTATION

Examples:
Roster Method Rule Method
Y = {galunggong, maya maya,
X = {x|x is a fish}
dilis, tulingan}
E = {square, rectangle, E = {x|x is a polygon with at
triangle} least five sides}
F = {Math, Science, English,
F = {x|x is a subject}
TLE, MAPEH}
SET REPRESENTATION

Examples:

Rule Method Roster Method

X = {x|x is a letter in the word
X = {C, A, S,H, E, W}
CASHEW}
E = {x|x is a vowel} E = {A, E, I, O, U}
F = {x|x is a number
F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
from 1 to 5}
TYPES OF SET

1. Universal Set
2. Subset
3. Null Set
TYPES OF SET

1. Universal set is a set which contains all

objects or elements being considered in it.
The symbol, , is used to indicate a universal
set.

Example: = {x|x is a counting number}, or

𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
Ellipsis
TYPES OF SET

2. A Null Set is a set with no elements.

It is also called an empty set.
The symbol, ∅ or { }, is used to indicate a
null set.
Example: The set of active volcanoes in Palawan,
or { }.
TYPES OF SET

Which of the following is an example

of a null set?

A. The set of vowels in the word RHYTHM

B. The set of consonants in the word AEON
 
TYPES OF SET

Which of the following is an example

of a null set?

A. The set of vowels in the word RHYTHM

 
TYPES OF SET

Which of the following is an example

of a null set?

A. The set of vowels in the word RHYTHM

  There are no vowels (a, e, i, o, and u)
in the word RHYTHM
Therefore, it is a null set.
TYPES OF SET

Which of the following is an example

of a null set?

B. The set of consonants in the word AEON

  It has one element.
Consonant
TYPES OF SET

3. A Subset is a set in which all its elements

are contained in another set.
⊂ it is used to indicate the subset
of another set.
⊄ it is used to indicate not a subset of
another.
TYPES OF SET

Examples:
𝐿 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

𝑀 = {2, 4, 6} 𝑁 = {0, 1, 2}

𝑀
TYPES OF SET

Examples:
𝐿 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

𝑀 = {2, 4, 6} 𝑁 = {0, 1, 2}

0 is not an element (∉) of

𝑀 𝑁
FINITE AND INFINITE SETS

If elements of a set are finite in number, then it is

called Finite set and if number of elements are not
finite (i.e. Infinite) then it is called Infinite set.

Examples:
1. Let A be the set of days of the week, then A is finite set.
2. Let B be the set of natural numbers, then B is infinite set.
EQUAL SET VS. EQUIVALENT SET
CARDINALITY OF SET

Cardinality of set refers to the number of elements in a

set.

Example:
A = {M, A, T, H}
1 2 3 4
n(A) = 4
The symbol, 𝑛(𝐴), is used to describe the cardinality of set A.
CARDINALITY OF SET

Examples:
 

D = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, Saturday, Sunday} 

V = {a, e, i, o, u}

E={}
CARDINALITY OF SET

Examples:
 

D = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, Saturday, Sunday} 

n(D) = 7 
CARDINALITY OF SET

Examples:
 

V = {a, e, i, o, u}

n(V) = 5
CARDINALITY OF SET

Examples:
 

E={}

n(E) = 0
SET OPERATIONS

Sets can be combined in different ways to

produce another set.

The BASIC OPERATIONS

1. UNION OF TWO SETS

2. INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS
3. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS or
SET OPERATIONS

A Venn Diagram can be used to easily

perform the basic operations.

U A B
SET OPERATIONS

Example: A = {M, A, T, H}

B = {G, R, E, A, T}
SET OPERATIONS

Example: A = {M, A, T, H,
H}
Must be written only once

B = {G,
G, R, E, A, T}

1. UNION OF TWO SETS

U
A B

M, A, T, H, G, R, E}
SET OPERATIONS

Example: A = {M, A, T, H,
H}
Write only the common elements

B = {G,
G, R, E, A, T}

2. INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS

U
A B
A, T}
SET OPERATIONS

Example: A = {M, A, T, H,
H} Remove the common elements.
Write the remaining elements of
Set A.
B = {G,
G, R, E, A, T}

3. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

U
A B

, H}
SET OPERATIONS

Example: A = {M, A, T, H,
H} Remove the common elements.
Write the remaining elements of
Set B.
B = {G,
G, R, E, A, T}

3. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

U
A B

, R, E}
THANK YOU
JOHN MARK B. LABRADOR
AUGUST 24, 2022