Acid-Base Equilibria

Chapter 14
Acid–Base Equilibria
Zumdahl, CHEMISTRY: An Atoms First Approach, Third Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May
not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Table of Contents
• (14.1) Solutions of acids or bases containing a common ion

• (14.2) Buffered solutions
• (14.3) Buffering capacity
• (14.4) Titrations and pH curves
• (14.5) Acid–base indicators
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 14.1
Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a
Common Ion
Common Ion Effect
• Shift in equilibrium position that occurs because of the addition

of an ion already involved in the equilibrium reaction
• An application of Le Châtelier’s principle
Common Ion Effect - Example
• Dissociation of hydrofluoric acid in a solution containing 1.0 M

HF and 1.0 M NaF
• By Le Châtelier’s principle, dissociation equilibrium for HF is expected

to be driven to the left by the presence of F– ions from the NaF
• Extent of dissociation of HF will be less in the presence of dissolved NaF
• Common ion effect makes a solution of NaF and HF less acidic than a solution
of HF alone
Interactive Example 14.1 - Acidic Solutions
Containing Common Ions
• Equilibrium concentration of H+ in a 1.0-M HF solution is
2.7×10–2 M, and the percent dissociation of HF is 2.7%
• Calculate [H+] and the percent dissociation of HF in a solution
containing 1.0 M HF (Ka = 7.2×10–4) and 1.0 M NaF
Solution (1 of 39)
• In a solution containing 1.0 M HF and 1.0 M NaF, the major

species are HF, F–, Na+, and H2O
• We know that Na+ ions have neither acidic nor basic properties
and that water is a very weak acid (or base)
• Important species are HF and F–, which participate in the acid
dissociation equilibrium that controls [H+] in this solution
• That is, the position of the equilibrium [H+] in the solution
Solution (2 of 39)
• Equilibrium expression is:
• The important concentrations are shown in the following table

Initial Equilibrium Concentration
Concentration (mol/L) (mol/L)
[HF]0 = 1.0 [HF] = 1.0 - x

(from dissolved HF)
[F−]0 = 1.0 [F−] = 1.0 + x
(from dissolved NaF)
[H+]0 = 0 [H+] = x
(neglect contribution from H2O)
Solution (3 of 39)
• Note that [F–]0 = 1.0 M because of the dissolved sodium

fluoride and that at equilibrium [F–] > 1.0 M because when the
acid dissociates it produces F– as well as H+
• Then,
• Solving for x gives
Solution (4 of 39)
• Noting that x is small compared to 1.0, we conclude that this

result is acceptable
• Thus,
• The percent dissociation of HF in this solution is:
Solution (5 of 39)
• Compare these values for [H+] and the percent dissociation of

HF with those for a 1.0-M HF solution, where [H+] = 2.7×10–2 M
and the percent dissociation is 2.7%
• Presence of the F– ions from the dissolved NaF greatly inhibits the
dissociation of HF
• Position of the acid dissociation equilibrium has been shifted to the left
by the presence of F– ions from NaF
Section 14.2
Buffered Solutions
Buffered Solutions
• Resist a change in their pH when either hydroxide ions or

protons are added
• Example - Human blood
• Can absorb the acids and bases produced in biological reactions without
changing its pH
• May contain a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its
salt
Solving Problems with Buffered Solutions: Points
to Consider (1 of 2)
• Buffered solutions are solutions of weak acids or bases
containing a common ion
• pH calculations on buffered solutions require the same procedures
used for other solutions
• When a strong acid or base is added to a buffered solution, it is
best to deal with the stoichiometry of the resulting reaction first
• After the stoichiometric calculations are completed, then consider the
equilibrium calculations
Solving Problems with Buffered Solutions: Points
to Consider (2 of 2)
• This procedure can be presented as follows:
Interactive Example 14.2 - pH of a Buffered
Solution
• A buffered solution contains 0.50 M acetic acid (HC2H3O2, Ka
= 1.8×10–5) and 0.50 M sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2)
• Calculate the pH of this solution
Solution (6 of 39)
• Major species in the solution are:

HC2H3O2, Na+, C 2H3 O2− , and H 2O
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Weak acid Neither acid nor Base (conjugate Very weak acid or
base base of HC2H3O2) base
• Examination of the solution components shows that the acetic acid

dissociation equilibrium, which involves both HC2H3O2 and C2H3O2– ,
will control the pH of the solution:
Solution (7 of 39)
• Concentrations are as follows:
Initial Equilibrium
Concentration (mol/L) Concentration (mol/L)
[HC2H3O2]0 = 0.50 [HC2H3O2] = 0.50 − x

[C2H3O2−]0 = 0.50 [C2H3O2−] = 0.50 + x
[H+]0 ≈ 0 [H+] = x
• The corresponding ICE table is:
Initial 0.50 ≈0 0.50

Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.50 − x x 0.50 + x
Solution (8 of 39)
• Then
• x ≈1.8 ×10−5
• Approximations are valid, so
Buffering (1 of 6)
• Suppose a buffered solution contains relatively large quantities

of a weak acid HA and its conjugate base A–
• When hydroxide ions are added to the solution, since the weak acid
represents the best source of protons, the following reaction occurs:
Buffering (2 of 6)
• Net result is that OH– ions are not allowed to accumulate but
are replaced by A– ions
Buffering (3 of 6)
• Stability of the pH under these conditions can be understood by

examining the equilibrium expression for the dissociation of HA:
• or, rearranging,
• In other words, the equilibrium concentration of H+, and thus the pH, is
determined by the ratio [HA]/[A–]
Buffering (4 of 6)
•
Buffering (5 of 6)
• Essence of buffering is that [HA] and [A–] are large compared

with the amount of OH– added
• When the OH– is added, the concentrations of HA and A– change, but
only by small amounts
• Under these conditions, the [HA]/[A–] ratio and thus the [H+] remain virtually
constant
Buffering (6 of 6)
• Effect of added H+ or OH– on a buffered system is described in

the image below
Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
• Log form of the expression for Ka
• For a particular buffering system (conjugate acid–base pair), all

solutions that have the same ratio [A–]/[HA] will have the same pH
Interactive Example 14.4 - The pH of a Buffered
Solution II
• Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.75 M lactic acid
(Ka = 1.4×10–4) and 0.25 M sodium lactate
• Lactic acid (HC3H5O3) is a common constituent of biological systems
• Example - It is found in milk and is present in human muscle tissue during
exertion
Solution (9 of 39)
• Major species in solution are HC3H5O3, Na+, C3H5O3–, and H2O

• Since Na+ has no acid–base properties and H2O is a weak acid or
base, the pH will be controlled by the lactic acid dissociation
equilibrium:
Solution (10 of 39)
• Since [HC3H5O3]0 and [C3H5O3–]0 are relatively large,
• Thus using the rearranged Ka expression, we have
Solution (11 of 39)
• Alternatively, we could use the Henderson–Hasselbalch

equation:
Interactive Example 14.5 - The pH of a Buffered
Solution III
• A buffered solution contains 0.25 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8×10–5) and
0.40 M NH4Cl
• Calculate the pH of this solution
Solution (12 of 39)
• Major species in solution are: NH3, NH4+, Cl–, and H2O
From the dissolved NH4Cl
• Since Cl– is such a weak base and water is a weak acid or

base, the important equilibrium is:
Solution (13 of 39)
• Appropriate ICE table is:
Initial 0.25 — 0.40 ≈0

Change -x — +x +x
Equilibrium 0.25 – x — 0.40 + x x
Solution (14 of 39)
• Approximations are valid (by the 5% rule), so:

• [OH–] = x = 1.1×10–5
• pOH = 4.95
• pH = 14.00 – 4.95 = 9.05
• This case is typical of a buffered solution in that the initial and
equilibrium concentrations of buffering materials are essentially
the same
Important Characteristics of Buffered Solutions
(1 of 2)
• Buffers contain relatively large concentrations of a weak acid
and the corresponding weak base
• They can involve a weak acid HA and the conjugate base A– or a weak
base B and the conjugate acid BH+
• When H+ is added to a buffered solution, it reacts essentially to
completion with the weak base present
Important Characteristics of Buffered Solutions
(2 of 2)
• When OH– is added to a buffered solution, it reacts essentially
to completion with the weak acid present:
• pH in the buffered solution is determined by the ratio of the

concentrations of the weak acid and weak base
• As long as this ratio remains virtually constant, the pH will remain
virtually constant
• This will be the case as long as the concentrations of the buffering materials (HA
and A– or B and BH+) are large compared with the amounts of H+ or OH– added
Section 14.3
Buffering Capacity
Buffering Capacity
• Amount of protons or hydroxide ions the buffer can absorb

without a significant change in pH
• pH of a buffered solution is determined by [A–]/[HA]
• Buffers with large capacity:
• Contain large concentrations of the buffering components
• Can absorb a relatively large amount of protons or OH– ions and show
little pH change
• Determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A–]
Interactive Example 14.7 - Adding Strong Acid to a
Buffered Solution II
• Calculate the change in pH that occurs when 0.010 mole of
gaseous HCl is added to 1.0 L of each of the following
solutions:
• Solution A: 5.00 M HC2H3O2 and 5.00 M NaC2H3O2
• Solution B: 0.050 M HC2H3O2 and 0.050 M NaC2H3O2
• For acetic acid, Ka = 1.8 × 10–5
Solution (15 of 39)
• For both solutions the initial pH can be determined using the

Henderson–Hasselbalch equation:
• In each case, [C2H3O2–] = [HC2H3O2]

• Therefore, the initial pH for both A and B is:
Solution (16 of 39)
• After the addition of HCl to each of these solutions, the major

species before any reaction occurs are HC2H3O2, Na+, C2H3O2–,
H+, Cl–, and H2O
From the added HCl

• We have a relatively large quantity of H+, which will readily
react with any effective base
• Cl– will not react with H+ to form HCl in water
• C2H3O2– will react with H+ to form the weak acid HC2H3O2
Solution (17 of 39)
• Because HC2H3O2 is a weak acid, we assume that this reaction

runs to completion
• 0.010 mole of added H+ will convert 0.010 mole of C2H3O2– to 0.010
mole of HC2H3O2
• For solution A, since the solution volume is 1.0 L, the number
of moles equals the molarity
• Following calculations will apply:
Before reaction 0.010 M 5.00 M 5.00 M

After reaction 0 4.99 M 5.01 M
Solution (18 of 39)
• New pH can be obtained by substituting the new

concentrations into the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation:
• There is virtually no change in pH when 0.010 mole of gaseous

HCl is added
Solution (19 of 39)
• For solution B, the following calculations apply:
Before reaction 0.010 M 0.050 M 0.050 M

After reaction 0 0.040 M 0.060 M
• The new pH is
• Although the pH change for solution B is small, a change did occur, which is in
contrast to solution A
Solution (20 of 39)
• These results show that solution A, which contains much larger

quantities of buffering components, has a much higher buffering
capacity than solution B
Optimal Buffering
• Occurs when [HA] is equal to [A–]

• Ratio [A–]/[HA] will be equal to 1 and is most resistant to change when
H+ or OH– is added to a buffered solution
• pKa of the weak acid to be used in the buffer should be as close as
possible to the desired pH
Interactive Example 14.8 - Preparing a Buffer
• A chemist needs a solution buffered at pH 4.30 and can choose

from the following acids (and their sodium salts):
Acid Ka
Chloroacetic acid 1.35 × 10–3
Propanoic acid 1.3 × 10–5
Benzoic acid 6.4 × 10–5
Hypochlorous acid 3.5 × 10–8
• Calculate the ratio [HA]/[A–] required for each system to yield a

pH of 4.30
• Which system will work best?
Solution (21 of 39)
• pH of 4.30 corresponds to
• Since Ka values rather than pKa values are given for the
various acids, use the following equation:
Solution (22 of 39)
• Substitute the required [H+] and Ka for each acid to calculate the ratio
[HA]/[A–] needed in each case
Acid
a. Chloroacetic
3.7 × 10−2
b. Propanoic
3.8
c. Benzoic
0.78
d. Hypochlorous
1.4 × 103
Solution (23 of 39)
• Since [HA]/[A–] for benzoic acid is closest to 1, the system of

benzoic acid and its sodium salt will be the best choice among
those given for buffering a solution at pH 4.30
• Optimal buffering system has a pKa value close to the desired
pH
• pKa for benzoic acid is 4.19
Section 14.4
Titrations and pH Curves
Titration
• Used to determine the amount of acid or base in a solution

• Involves a solution of known concentration (the titrant)
delivered from a buret into the unknown solution until the
substance being analyzed is just consumed
• Equivalence (stoichiometric) point
• Point in the titration where an amount of base has been added to
exactly react with all the acid originally present
• Signaled by the color change of an indicator
pH Curve or Titration Curve
• Plot of pH of a solution being analyzed as a function of the

amount of titrant added
• Helps monitor the progress of an acid–base titration
• Since titrations usually involve small quantities, millimole
(mmol) is used
Titration Curve
• Molarity can be defined in terms of millimoles per milliliter
• Number of millimoles of solute can be obtained from the product of

the volume in milliliters and the molarity
Figure 14.1 - pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL
of 0.200 M HNO3 with 0.100 M NaOH
Characteristics of the Titration Curve of a Strong
Acid with a Strong Base
• Before the equivalence point, [H+] (and hence the pH) can be
calculated by dividing the number of millimoles of H + remaining
by the total volume of the solution in milliliters
• At the equivalence point, the pH is 7.00
• After the equivalence point, [OH–] can be calculated by dividing
the number of millimoles of excess OH– by the total volume of
the solution
• Then [H+] is obtained from Kw
Figure 14.2 - pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0
mL of 0.50 M NaOH with 1.0 M HCl
Calculating the pH Curve for a Weak Acid–Strong
Base Titration
• Step 1 - A stoichiometry problem
• Reaction of hydroxide ion with the weak acid is assumed to run to
completion
• Concentrations of the acid remaining and the conjugate base formed are
determined
• Step 2 - An equilibrium problem

• Position of the weak acid equilibrium is determined and the pH is
calculated
Interactive Example 14.9 - Titration of a Weak Acid
• Hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN), a powerful respiratory inhibitor,

is highly toxic
• It is a very weak acid (Ka = 6.2×10–10) when dissolved in water
• If a 50.0-mL sample of 0.100 M HCN is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH,
calculate the pH of the solution:
a. After 8.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH has been added
b. At the halfway point of the titration
c. At the equivalence point of the titration
Solution (24 of 39)
• Stoichiometry problem
a. After 8.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH has been added, the following
calculations apply:
Before 50.0 mL × 0.100 M 8.00 mL × 0.100 M 0 mmol

reaction = 5.00 mmol = 0.800 mmol
After 5.00 − 0.800
reaction = 4.20 mmol 0.800 − 0.800 = 0 0.800 mmol
Solution (25 of 39)
• Equilibrium problem
• Since the solution contains the major species HCN, CN–, Na+, and H2O, the position
of the acid dissociation equilibrium will determine the pH
Equilibrium
Initial Concentration Concentration
Solution (26 of 39)
Initial 4.2 ≈0 0.80

58.0 58.0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 4.2 −x x 0.80 + x
58.0 58.0
• Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into Ka expression gives:
Solution (27 of 39)
b. At the halfway point of the titration

• Amount of HCN originally present can be obtained from the original volume and
molarity:
• Thus the halfway point will occur when 2.50 mmol OH– has been added:
Solution (28 of 39)
• Halfway point [HCN] is equal to [CN–], and pH is equal to pKa

• Thus, after 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH has been added,
c. At the equivalence point

• Equivalence point will occur when a total of 5.00 mmol OH– has been added
• Since the NaOH solution is 0.100 M, the equivalence point occurs when 50.0 mL
NaOH has been added
• This amount will form 5.00 mmol CN–
Solution (29 of 39)
• Major species in solution at the equivalence point are CN–, Na+, and H2O
• Thus the reaction that will control the pH involves the basic cyanide ion extracting a
proton from water:
Solution (30 of 39)
Initial Concentration Equilibrium Concentration

[CN−] = (5.00 × 10−2) − x
[HCN] = 0
[OH−] = x
Initial 0.050 — 0 0
Change −x — +x +x
Equilibrium 0.050 −x — x x
Solution (31 of 39)
• Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into the expression for Kb

and solving in the usual way gives:
• Then, from Kw, we have:
Concept Check (1 of 4)
• Consider a solution made by mixing 0.10 mol of HCN (Ka =

6.2×10–10) with 0.040 mol NaOH in 1.0 L of aqueous solution
• What are the major species immediately upon mixing (that is, before a
reaction)?
HCN, Na+, OH–, H2O
• Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing 0.20 mol

HC2H3O2 (Ka = 1.8×10–5) with 0.030 mol NaOH in 1.0 L of
aqueous solution
pH = 3.99
• Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing 100.0 mL of a

0.100 M solution of acetic acid (HC2H3O2), which has a Ka
value of 1.8×10–5, and 50.0 mL of a 0.10 M NaOH solution
pH = 4.74
• Calculate the pH of a solution at the equivalence point when

100.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of acetic acid (HC2H3O2), which
has a Ka value of 1.8×10–5, is titrated with a 0.10 M NaOH
solution
pH = 8.72
Figure 14.3 - pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL
of 0.100 M HC2H3O2 with 0.100 M NaOH
Differences Between the Titration Curves for
Strong Acid–Strong Base and Weak Acid–Strong
Base Titrations
• Shapes of the plots are quite different
before the equivalence point,
although they are very similar after
that point
• Near the beginning of the titration of
the weak acid, the pH increases
more rapidly than it does in the
strong acid case
• Titration of a strong acid - Equivalence point occurs at pH 7
• Titration of a weak acid - Equivalence point is greater than 7
Figure 14.4 - pH Curves for the Titrations of 50.0-
mL Samples of 0.10 M Acids with Various Ka
Values with 0.10 M NaOH
Interactive Example 14.10 - Calculating Ka
• A chemist has synthesized a monoprotic weak acid and wants

to determine its Ka value
• To do so, the chemist dissolves 2.00 mmol of the solid acid in 100.0
mL water and titrates the resulting solution with 0.0500 M NaOH
• After 20.0 mL NaOH has been added, the pH is 6.00
• What is the Ka value for the acid?
Solution (32 of 39)
• Stoichiometry problem
• We represent the monoprotic acid as HA
• Stoichiometry for the titration reaction is shown below
Before 2.00 mmol 20.0 mL × 0.0500 M 0 mmol

reaction = 1.00 mmol
After 2.00 - 1.00 =
reaction 1.00 mmol 1.00 - 1.00 = 0 1.00 mmol
Solution (33 of 39)
• After the reaction the solution contains the major species HA, A–, Na+,
and H2O
• pH will be determined by the equilibrium
Solution (34 of 39)
Initial Concentration Equilibrium
Concentration
[HA] = 8.33 × 10−3 − x
[A−] = 8.33 × 10−3 + x
[H+] = x
Initial 8.33 × 10−3 ≈0 8.33 × 10−3

Change -x +x +x
Equilibrium 8.33 × 10−3 -x x 8.33 × 10−3 + x
Solution (35 of 39)
• Note that x is known here because the pH at this point is

known to be 6.00
• Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into the expression for Ka

allows calculation of the Ka value:
Solution (36 of 39)
• There is an easier way to think about this problem

• Original solution contained 2.00 mmol of HA
• Since 20.0 mL of added 0.0500 M NaOH contains 1.0 mmol OH–, this
is the halfway point in the titration (where [HA] = [A–])
Weak Base–Strong Acid Titration
Volume of 0.10 M HCl
Added (mL) [NH3]0 [NH4−]0 [H+] pH
0 05 M 0 1.1 × 10−11 M 10.96
10.0 1.4 × 10−10 M 9.85
25.0* 5.6 × 10−10 M 9.25
50.0† 0 4.3 × 10−6 M 5.36
60.0‡ 0
2.21
Summary of results for the titration of 100.0 mL 0.050 M NH3 with 0.10 M HCl
*Halfway point †Equivalence point ‡[H +] determined by the 1.0 mmol of excess H +
Figure 14.5 - pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0
mL of 0.050 M NH3 with 0.10 M HCl
Section 14.5
Acid–Base Indicators
Methods for Determining the Equivalence Point of
an Acid–Base Titration
• Using a pH meter to monitor the pH and then plotting the
titration curve
• Center of the vertical region of the pH curve indicates the equivalence
point
• Using an acid–base indicator, which marks the end point of a
titration by changing color
• Careful selection of the indicator is required to ensure that the error is
negligible as the equivalence point is not necessarily the same as the
end point
Acid–Base Indicator: Phenolphthalein
The indicator phenolphthalein is The acid and base forms of the indicator
colorless in acidic solution and phenolphthalein
pink in basic solution
Interactive Example 14.11 - Indicator Color
Change
• Bromthymol blue, an indicator with a Ka value of 1.0×10–7, is
yellow in its HIn form and blue in its In– form
• Suppose we put a few drops of this indicator in a strongly acidic
solution
• If the solution is then titrated with NaOH, at what pH will the indicator color
change first be visible?
Solution (37 of 39)
• For bromthymol blue:
• We assume that the color change is visible when
Solution (38 of 39)
• We assume that we can see the first hint of a greenish tint

(yellow plus a little blue) when the solution contains 1 part blue
and 10 parts yellow
a) Yellow acid form of
bromthymol blue
b) A greenish tint is seen when
the solution contains 1 part
blue and 10 parts yellow
c) Blue basic form
Solution (39 of 39)
• Thus,
• Color change is first visible at pH 6.00
Methyl Red Indicator
• Yellow in basic solution

• Red in acidic solution
Acid–Base Indicators: Conclusions
• Strong acid–strong base titration

• Indicator color changes will be sharp, occurring with the addition of a
single drop of titrant
• There is a wide choice of suitable indicators
• Results will agree within one drop of titrant, using indicators with end points as far
apart as pH 5 and pH 9
• Titration of weak acids

• Weaker the acid being titrated, smaller the vertical area around the
equivalence point
• Allows much less flexibility in choosing the indicator
Figure 14.8 - Useful pH Ranges for Several
Common Indicators

Acid-Base Equilibria

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acid-Base Equilibria

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 14

• (14.1) Solutions of acids or bases containing a common ion

• Shift in equilibrium position that occurs because of the addition

• Dissociation of hydrofluoric acid in a solution containing 1.0 M

• By Le Châtelier’s principle, dissociation equilibrium for HF is expected

• In a solution containing 1.0 M HF and 1.0 M NaF, the major

• The important concentrations are shown in the following table

[HF]0 = 1.0 [HF] = 1.0 - x

• Note that [F–]0 = 1.0 M because of the dissolved sodium

• Solving for x gives

• Noting that x is small compared to 1.0, we conclude that this

• The percent dissociation of HF in this solution is:

• Compare these values for [H+] and the percent dissociation of

• Resist a change in their pH when either hydroxide ions or

• Major species in the solution are:

• Examination of the solution components shows that the acetic acid

[HC2H3O2]0 = 0.50 [HC2H3O2] = 0.50 − x

Initial 0.50 ≈0 0.50

• Suppose a buffered solution contains relatively large quantities

• Stability of the pH under these conditions can be understood by

• Essence of buffering is that [HA] and [A–] are large compared

• Effect of added H+ or OH– on a buffered system is described in

• Log form of the expression for Ka

• For a particular buffering system (conjugate acid–base pair), all

• Major species in solution are HC3H5O3, Na+, C3H5O3–, and H2O

• Since [HC3H5O3]0 and [C3H5O3–]0 are relatively large,

• Thus using the rearranged Ka expression, we have

• Alternatively, we could use the Henderson–Hasselbalch

• Major species in solution are: NH3, NH4+, Cl–, and H2O

From the dissolved NH4Cl

• Since Cl– is such a weak base and water is a weak acid or

• Appropriate ICE table is:

Initial 0.25 — 0.40 ≈0

• Approximations are valid (by the 5% rule), so:

• pH in the buffered solution is determined by the ratio of the

• Amount of protons or hydroxide ions the buffer can absorb

• For acetic acid, Ka = 1.8 × 10–5

• For both solutions the initial pH can be determined using the

• In each case, [C2H3O2–] = [HC2H3O2]

• After the addition of HCl to each of these solutions, the major

From the added HCl

• Because HC2H3O2 is a weak acid, we assume that this reaction

Before reaction 0.010 M 5.00 M 5.00 M

• New pH can be obtained by substituting the new

• There is virtually no change in pH when 0.010 mole of gaseous

• For solution B, the following calculations apply:

Before reaction 0.010 M 0.050 M 0.050 M

• These results show that solution A, which contains much larger

• Occurs when [HA] is equal to [A–]

• A chemist needs a solution buffered at pH 4.30 and can choose

• Calculate the ratio [HA]/[A–] required for each system to yield a

• Since [HA]/[A–] for benzoic acid is closest to 1, the system of

• Used to determine the amount of acid or base in a solution

• Plot of pH of a solution being analyzed as a function of the

• Molarity can be defined in terms of millimoles per milliliter

• Number of millimoles of solute can be obtained from the product of

• Step 2 - An equilibrium problem

• Hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN), a powerful respiratory inhibitor,

Before 50.0 mL × 0.100 M 8.00 mL × 0.100 M 0 mmol

Initial 4.2 ≈0 0.80

b. At the halfway point of the titration

• Halfway point [HCN] is equal to [CN–], and pH is equal to pKa

c. At the equivalence point

Initial Concentration Equilibrium Concentration