HUMAN SETTLEMENT

PRESENTED BY ;-
MD SAQU
ALTAMAS
NASHRA
SAHER KH
ABDUL W
 CONTENTS
• VANCOUVER DECLARATION ON HUMAN
SETTLEMENT (1976)
• PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
SUCH AS SHELTER, INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
• PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
VANCOUVER DECLARATION ON HUMAN SE
TTLEMENTS(1976)
• Vancouver Declaration was the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements
commonly known as Habitat I.
• It took place in Vancouver, Canada, from 31 May-11 June 1976.
• The United Nations General Assembly convened the Habitat I conference as the
governments began to recognize the need for sustainable human settlements and the
consequences of rapid urbanisation, especially in the developing world mainly the third
world countries.
• Dating back to 20th century, urbanisation and its impacts were barely considered by the
international community, but the world started to witness the fast migration of people into
cities and towns as well as rising urban population through natural growth resulting from
advances in medicine and health care.
VANCOUVER DECLARATION ON HUMAN SE
TTLEMENTS(1976)
• As a result of this conference Vancouver Declaration came into being and made history by
providing the first definition of 'adequate shelter' and recommendations for each country
to achieve it.
• The first action is "to adopt bold, meaningful and effective human settlement policies and
spatial planning strategies, considering human settlements as an instrument and object of
development".

SOURCE-
https://www.un.org/en/conferences/habitat/
vancouver1976
 DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
• Aware
• Recalling
• Noting
• Recognizing
• Inequitable economic growth
• World population growth
• Uncontrolled urbanization
• Rural backwardness
• Involuntary migration
• Social, economic, ecological and environmental deterioration
 HABITAT-I ,VANCOUVER (1976)
• The Guidelines for Action of the Declaration of Principles of the Vancouver Declaration
stated that Adequate shelter and services are a basic human right which places an
obligation on Governments to ensure their attainment by all people, beginning with direct
assistance to the least advantaged through guided programmes of self-help and
community action.
• Governments should endeavour to remove all impediments hindering attainments of these
goals. Of special importance is the elimination of social and racial segregation , through
the creation of better balanced communities, which blend different social groups,
occupation, housing and amenities.
 PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these
elements provide material support.
• SHELTER- The superstructure of different shape,size , type and materials erected by
mankind for security, privacy and protection from elements and for his singularity within
a community.
• INFRASTRUCTURE- The complex network designed to deliver to or remove from the
shelter people, goods, energy or information.
• SERVICES- Cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its function as a
social body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.
 SHELTER
• Human shelter or Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human
betings live.
• For this purpose, people may erect houses and other structures and command some area
or territory as their economic support-base.
• Settlements vary in size and type.
• They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities.
• With size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its
ecology and technology.
 TYPES OF SHELTER
• RURAL SHELTER
• URBAN SHELTER

RURAL SHELTER
• Types of the settlement are determined by the extent of the built-up area and inter-house
distance.
• In India, compact or clustered village of a few hundred houses is a rather universal
feature, particularly in the northern plains.
• However, there are several areas, which have other forms of rural settlements
 RURAL SHELTER
• There are various factors and conditions responsible for having different types of rural settlements in India.
• These factors include:
(i) Physical features – nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water.
(ii) Cultural and Ethenic factors – social structure, caste and religion.
(iii) Security factors – defence against thefts and robberies.
 TYPES OF RURAL SHELTER
• CLUSTERED,AGGLOMERATED OR
NUCLEATED
• SEMI-CLUSTERED OR FRAGMENTED
• HAMLETED AND,
• DISPERSED OR ISOLATED
STERED,AGGLOMERATED OR NUCLEATED SHEL
• The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of houses.
• In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms,
barns and pastures.
• The rural settlement patterns range from compact to linear, to circular, and grid.
 SEMI-CLUSTERED OR FRAGMENTED
• Semi-clustered or fragmented settlements may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted
area of dispersed settlement.
• More often such a pattern may also result from segregation or fragmentation of a large compact
village.
• In this case, one or more sections of the village society choose or is forced to live a little away
from the main cluster or village.
 HAMELET
• Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other
bearing a common name.
• These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the
country.
• This segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and ethnic factors. Such
villages are more frequently found in the middle and lower Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh and
valleys of the Himalayas.
 DISPERSED SETTLEMENT
• Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form of isolated huts or
hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills with farms or pasture on the
slopes.
• Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by extremely fragmented nature of the
terrain and land resource base of habitable areas. Many areas of Uttarakhand, Himachal
Pradesh and Kerala have this type of settlement.
 URBAN SHELTER
• Unlike rural settlements, urban settlements are generally compact and larger in size.
• They are engaged in a variety of nonagricultural, economic and administrative functions.
As mentioned earlier, cities are functionally linked to rural areas around them.
• Thus, exchange of goods and services is performed sometimes directly and sometimes
through a series of market towns and cities
 EVOLUTION OF TOWNS
• Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
• Even at the time of Indus valley civilisation, towns like Harappa and Mohanjodaro
were in existence. The following period has witnessed evolution of towns.
• It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in the
eighteenth century.
• On the basis of their evolution in different periods, Indian towns may be classified as:
• Ancient towns
• Medieval towns
• Modern towns.

Evolution of Dubai
 ANCIENT TOWNS
• There are number of towns in India having historical background
spanning over 2000 years.
• Most of them developed as religious and cultural centres.
Varanasi is one of the important towns among these. Prayag
(Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other
examples of ancient towns in the country.

MEDIEVAL TOWNS
• About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval
period.
• Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and
kingdoms. These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of
ancient towns. Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad,
Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.
 MODERN TOWNS
• The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in India.
• Starting their foothold on coastal locations, they first developed some trading ports such
as Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
• The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes – Mumbai
(Bombay), Chennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) – and built them in the British style.
 SETTLEMENT PATTERN
• Settlement patterns are settlements cluster in various shapes and sizes.
• These include Dispersed Settlements, Linear Settlements etc.
• Dispersed Settlements-A dispersed settlement refers to the scattering of houses over a large area.
Occur in rural areas, Develop in hilly areas, extensive flatlands or rolling plains.
• Linear Settlements A linear settlement pattern refers to the grouping of houses along a line. Tend
to follow roads, railway tracks, along the coast or river. Provide good transport and
communication network
 DISPERSED SETTLEMENT
• A dispersed settlement is the scattered pattern of households in a particular area.
• This form of settlement is common in the rural regions.
• The settlement pattern contrasts those found in nucleated villages.
• They are found mainly in the regions with grasslands, thick forests, poor agricultural lands,
extreme climates, regions with extensive cultivation.
 LINEAR SETLLEMENT
• A linear settlement is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is
formed in a long line.
• Many follow a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal though some form due to physical
restrictions, such as coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys.
• In the case of settlements built along a route, the route predated the settlement, and then the
settlement grew along the transport route. Often, it is only a single street with houses on either
side of the road. Mileham, Norfolk in England is an example of this pattern.
 NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT
• Nucleated settlements are towns where buildings are close together, often clustered around a
central point.
• Route centres often create settlements with a nucleated pattern which grow up around a crossroad.
• Due to urbanisation and site factors, many settlements will expand quickly. The focal point
depends on location and culture and may include a church, park, sports stadium, market, etc. 
 PLANNED SETTLEMENT
• Planned settlement often have a regular pattern.
• They may have a square shape or a crescent shape.
• For example Brasilia the capital of brazil, is a planned settlement in the shape of a aeroplane.
• A planned urban community designed for self-sufficiency and providing housing, educational,
commercial, and recreational facilities for its residents.
 PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
• The principles which are important in achieving wellperforming settlements are of a structural
and a spatial nature.
• The principles of human settlement include-
• The principle of reinforcement
• The principle of continuity
• The principle of discontinuity
• The principle of externalisation
• The principle of concentration along routes
• The principle of accommodating sameness and diversity
 THE PRINCIPLE OF REINFORCEMENT
• It is necessary to think structurally about all elements within the settlement.
• This means that each structural element should reinforce the others.
• For instance interconnected modes of movement (pedestrian, bicycle, train, tax, bus, car) are
brought together into a single corridor, thereby creating a range of structural opportunities.
• At points of major connectivity, where stopping points for all modes come together the potential
exists for the creation of a major place with high-order urban activities, as these will tend to
gravitate towards such points.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY
CONTINUITIES OF GREEN SPACE
• Human society functions in a landscape that consists of the original natural landscape, as well as
rural and urban landscapes. Access to all elements can be considered a basic need for human
beings. As a result, establishing continuities of green space becomes an important element in the
settlement-making process.

CONTINUITIES OF MOVEMENT
• The movement, or flow, of people, finance, goods and services is the energy network of settlements.
Activities requiring the greatest degree of exposure will tend to gravitate towards the most
accessible points and links in the energy network. The movement network exhibits its own
ordering structure. At the settlement level the energy potential contained in the network is released
through stopping, not through movement.
 CONTINUITY OF BUILT FORM
• New parcels of development should be integrated with existing development to obtain
agglomeration economies. There is, however, a scale dimension to this. At places, the continuity
should be consciously broken to ensure convenient access to green space as well as the natural and
rural landscapes.

CONTINUITY OF PUBLIC SPACE

• As discussed earlier, public spaces should make up a continuous network of space. Achieving a
sense of enclosure and definition is important in this regard. Every building, either through the
building itself, its walls, or planting, should contribute to defining the public space it abuts.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCONTINUITY
• In the settlement-making context the principle of discontinuity refers to the promotion of breaks in
particular components of the urban system, to achieve particular effects.

DISCONTINUITIES OF MOVEMENT
• Along higher-order routes, discontinuities can be used to create special places, such as public
squares and parks. The discontinuity principle can also be used to integrate natural and rural
areas and existing features into the urban landscape.

DISCONTINUITIES OF BUILT SPACE

• Public space, such as a square or a park, can be used as a device to interrupt built form, thereby
creating visual diversity in the built environment.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF EXTERNALISATION
• Social facilities and higher-order urban activities should not be “embedded” within residential
precincts, but should be externalised by locating them , this will ensure that the future of facilities
is not entirely dependent upon the fortunes and resources of particular local communities.
• It will also maximises the potential return on the investment in facilities, by making the facilities
accessible to a wider range of people along more continuous movement routes.

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONCENTRATION ALONG ROUTES

• While intensive activities and facilities should be externalised along continuous routes.
• It is important to recognise that development along them will not be even. The accessibility of
different points along routes is not the same, as there are powerful tendencies for more intensive
activities to concentrate at the most accessible points along movement routes. These tendencies are
illustrated
 THE PRINCIPLE OF ACCOMMODATING SAMENESS
AND DIVERSITY
• This principle relates to accommodating both homogeneity (sameness) and heterogeneity (diversity) in settlements.
• It is this principle that accommodates both cultural and economic diversity and expression within settlements.
• It recognises that in a democratic, multicultured, society all communities, individuals and cultures are to be
accorded equivalent respect. The result of this approach is settlementmaking and planning in the form of a
process, a process enabling and involving a diverse range of delivery agents.

SPATIAL PRINCIPLES

• There are four spatial principles, which are central to creating positive settlements. These are
definition, scale, flexibility and intensity of space-use.
 DEFINITION
In positive environments the public space is defined by buildings and other space-defining elements, such as
walls and plants. This creates a sense of enclosure. The contrast is free-standing elements in a formless sea of
space.

SCALE
Scale refers to judgement about relationships such as size, distance and height. In settlement terms, reference is
usually made to a “human scale”, which is the scale that human beings feel comfortable with. Although a quality that
can be difficult to define, it is one that should be striven for in modest, as well as bold, settlement-making processes

FLEXIBILITY
Positive environments reflect flexibility in their spatial structures. The principle of flexibility thus refers to the
creation of spatial structures which can accommodate the unexpected demands made upon them over time.
 INTENSITY OF SPACE USE
Land should be used as intensively as possible as this has positive spin-offs for settlement-making.
These include:
• the creation of higher levels of support for economic and social goods and services;
• the establishment of an economic climate in which economic activity can thrive;
• the creation of the preconditions for viable public transportation systems
• the efficient use of infrastructure etc.