Group 2

Presentation
 Members

Tzzia Kz Kryle Tutanes Cyril Sombilon Ervi Iasarni Romero

 Rocks
&
Rock Cycle
What is a rock?
 What is a rock?

A rock is a solid mass of geological

materials. Rocks are found in the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid,
rocky, outermost part of the Earth,
composed of the crust and uppermost
part of the upper mantle.
 What is a rock?

A rock is a solid mass of geological

materials. Rocks are found in the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid,
rocky, outermost part of the Earth,
composed of the crust and uppermost
part of the upper mantle.
 What is a rock?

A rock is a solid mass of geological

materials. Rocks are found in the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid,
rocky, outermost part of the Earth,
composed of the crust and uppermost
part of the upper mantle.
TYPES OF ROCKS

• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous Rocks

 Igneous is derived from the Latin

‘’igneus’’, which means ‘’on fire’’

 Igneous rocks formed from the

cooling and solidification of magma
or lava.
2 main categories of Igneous Rocks

• Intrusive

• Extrusive
 Intrusive

• Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools

and solidifies within the crust of the planet.

• Visible to the naked eye.

• Also known as ‘’Plutonic’’.

 Intrusive

Granite Diorite Syenite Pegmatite

 Extrusive

• Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the

Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged
from underground.

• May not be visible.

• Also known as ‘’Volcanic’’.

 Extrusive

Basalt Andesite Obsidian Rhyolite

 Pyroclastic Rocks

• From the consolidation of particles erupted by

explosive volcanic activity.

• Pyroclastic rocks have characteristics of both igneous

and sedimentary rocks.
 Pyroclastic Rocks

Tuff Ignimbrite Volcanic

Breccia
Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock

that are formed by the accumulation or
deposition of mineral or organic particles
at Earth's surface, followed by
cementation.
3 ways Sedimentary Rocks can form

• Clastic Sedimentation
• Chemical Sedimentary
• Bioclastic Sedimentary
Clastic Sedimentation

Clastic sediment is sediment

consisting of fragments of rock,
transported from elsewhere and
redeposited to form another rock.
Clastic Sedimentation

Shale Sandstone Conglomerate

Chemical Sedimentary

Chemical sedimentary rocks form by

the precipitation of minerals from
water.
 Chemical Sedimentary

Dolostone Limestone Rock Salt

Bioclastic Sedimentary

Bioclastic sediment is a term used to

describe carbonate-rich sediments
consisting of fragments/shells of
dead organisms.
Bioclastic Sedimentary

Coquina Chalk
Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks are formed when

preexisting rocks or parent rocks
are altered by heat, pressure, and
the chemical activity of fluids.
Metamorphic Rocks

These processes are collectively

called metamorphism, meaning
“change in form”.
2 major types of Metamorphic Rocks

• Foliated

• Non-foliated
Foliated

As pressure squeezes on a parent rock

during recrystallization it causes the
platy or elongated minerals within the
rock to become aligned, or foliated.
Foliated

Foliated rocks develop a platy or sheet-

like structure that reflects the direction
that pressure was applied in. This type of
metamorphism is called regional
metamorphism.
Foliated

Slate Schist Gneiss

Non-foliated

Occurs when hot igneous rock intrudes into

some pre-existing rock. The pre-existing
rock is essentially baked by the heat,
changing the mineral structure of the rock
without the addition of pressure. This
process is called contact metamorphism.
Non-foliated

Quartzite Marble
Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism may immediately happen

from instantaneous events such as faulting
for dynamic metamorphism and meteorite
impact for shock metamorphic.
Dynamic Metamorphism

Dynamic metamorphism is the result

of very high shear stress, such as
occurs along fault zones.
Shock Metamorphism

Shock metamorphism describes the

effects of shock-wave-related
deformation and heating during
impact events.
Rock Cycle
Magma

Magma is sent to the earth’s surface

 Igneous Rock
Volcanic Eruption

It cools and forms an Igneous rock

 Igneous Rock Sediments

Next this rocks breaks into small pieces of sediment

 Sediments
Sedimentary Rock

As sediments build up and harden over the years,

a sedimentary rock is formed
 Sedimentary Rock
Earth’s crust

Slowly this sedimentary rock goes deep into the Earth’s

crust
 Earth’s crust
Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock

When the heat and pressure get high,

The sedimentary will metamorphous in a metamorphic rock
 And the cycle
will start all
over again

Volcanic Eruption

Igneous Rock
Magma

Sedimentary Rock

Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
 Rocks Cycle
As a
Biogeochemical Cycle
Humankind primarily used rocks for building and improving
communities.
When rocks are uplifted and
exposed to the surface, it
interacts with the hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere as it
will undergo physical, chemical, and
biological weathering once it is on
the surface.
 When rocks are uplifted and
exposed to the surface, it
interacts with the hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere as it
will undergo physical, chemical, and
biological weathering once it is on
the surface.

As smaller sediments are

formed through weathering,
soil could become organic-
rich soil conducive for plant
growth.
 Importance of the rock
cycle to earth as a system?

The rock cycle is an important aspect of our

dynamic Earth because it enables rocks to
change to different types of rock depending
on their location and circumstances. In other
words, it helps rocks to recycle themselves so
that new structures can be built as the
Earth's surface changes from plate tectonics.
THANK YOU !!
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