SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN

DATACOMMUNICATIONANDCOMPUTER NETWORK
(4IT4-07)

Department of Information Technology

Ms. Nikhar Bhatnagar

Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology
Email:-nikhar.bhatnagar@skit.ac.in
 SYLLABUS
4IT4-07: Data Communication and Computer Networks
Credit: 3 Max. Marks: 150(IA: 30, ETE: 120)
3L+0T+0P End Term Exam: 3 Hours

1. Introduction: Objective, scope and outcome of the course.

2. Introductory Concepts: Network hardware, Network software, topologies, Protocols and standards,
OSI model, TCP model, TCP/IP model, Physical Layer: Digital and Analog Signals, Periodic Analog
Signals, Signal Transmission, Limitations of Data Rate, Digital Data Transmission, Performance
Measures, Line Coding, Digital Modulation, Media and Digital Transmission System.

3 Data Link Layer: Error Detection and Correction, Types of Errors, Two dimensional parity check,
Detection verses correction, Block Coding, Linear Block Coding, Cyclic Codes, Checksum,
Standardized Polynomial Code, Error Correction Methods, Forward Error Correction, Protocols: Stop
and wait, Go-back-N ARQ, Selective Repeat ARQ, Sliding window, Piggy backing, Pure ALOHA,
Slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA

4 Network Layer: Design issues, Routing algorithms: IPV4, IPV6, Address mapping: ARQ, RARQ,
Congestion control, Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast routing protocols, Quality of Service, Internetworking.

5 Transport Layer: Transport service, Elements of transport protocols, User Datagram Protocol,
Transmission Control Protocol, Quality of service, Leaky Bucket and Token Bucket algorithm.

6 Application Layer: WWW, DNS, Multimedia, Electronic mail, FTP, HTTP, SMTP, Introduction to
network security.
DATA & INFORMATION: Data refers to the raw facts
that are collected while information refers to processed
data that enables us to take decisions.
DATA COMMUNICATION: Process of exchanging data
or information
This process involves a communication system which is
made up of hardware and software.
The hardware part involves the sender and receiver
devices and the intermediate devices through which the
data passes.
The software part involves certain rules which specify
what is to be communicated, how it is to be communicated
and when. It is also called as a Protocol.
 Characteristics of Data Communication
The effectiveness of any data communications system depends upon
the following four fundamental characteristics:
1. Delivery: The data should be delivered to the correct destination
and correct user.
2. Accuracy: The communication system should deliver the data
accurately, without introducing any errors. The data may get
corrupted during transmission affecting the accuracy of the
delivered data.
3. Timeliness: Audio and Video data has to be delivered in a timely
manner without any delay; such a data delivery is called real time
transmission of data.
4. Jitter: It is the variation in the packet arrival time. Uneven Jitter
may affect the timeliness of data being transmitted.
 Components of Data Communication

A Data Communication system has five components:

1. Message: Message is the information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver.

2. Sender: The sender is any device that is capable of sending the data (message).

3. Receiver: The receiver is a device that the sender wants to communicate the data (message).

4. Transmission Medium: It is the path by which the message travels from sender to receiver.

It can be wired or wireless and many subtypes in both.

5. Protocol: It is an agreed upon set or rules used by the sender and receiver to communicate

data. A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. A Protocol is a necessity in

data communications without which the communicating entities are like two persons trying to

talk to each other in a different language without know the other language.
 DATA FLOW
Devices communicate with each other by sending and
receiving data. The data can flow between the two devices in
the following ways.
1. Simplex: Simplex mode of communication In Simplex,
communication is unidirectional Only one of the devices
sends the data and the other one only receives the data.
Example: in the above diagram: a cpu send data while a
monitor only receives data.
2. Half Duplex: In half duplex both the stations can transmit as
well as receive but not at the same time. When one device is
sending other can only receive and vice-versa. Example: A
walkie-talkie.
3. Full Duplex: In Full duplex mode, both stations can
transmit and receive at the same time. Example: mobile
phones.
 COMPUTER NETWORK

Computer Networks are used for data communications

A computer network can be defined as a collection of

nodes. A node can be any device capable of transmitting or
receiving data.
Computer Networks
 APPLICATIONS:
i. Sharing of resources such as printers
ii. Sharing of expensive software's and database

iii. Communication from one computer to another

computer
iv. Exchange of data and information among users via
network
v. Sharing of information over geographically wide
areas.
 PROTOCOL
A Protocol is one of the components of a data
communications system. Without protocol
communication cannot occur. The sending device cannot
just send the data and expect the receiving device to
receive and further interpret it correctly.
Defined as a set of rules that governs data
communications.
Defines what is to be communicated, how it is to be
communicated and when it is to be communicated.
 Elements Of A Protocol
There are three key elements of a protocol:
A. Syntax It means the structure or format of the data. It is
the arrangement of data in a particular order.
B. Semantics It tells the meaning of each section of bits
and indicates the interpretation of each section. It also
tells what action/decision is to be taken based on the
interpretation.
C. Timing It tells the sender about the readiness of the
receiver to receive the data.
 SHARING RESOURCES
 Types of resources are:
1. Hardware: A network allows users to share many
hardware devices such as printers, modems, fax machines,
CD ROM, players, etc.
2. Software: sharing software resources reduces the cost of software
installation, saves space on hard disk.
 NETWORK BENEFITS
 The network provided to the users can be divided into
two categories:
i. Sharing
ii. Connectivity
 OTHER BENEFITS OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
o Increased speed
o Reduced cost
o Improved security
o Centralized software managements
o Electronic mail
o Flexible access
DISDAVATAGES OF NETWORKS
o High cost of installation
o Requires time for administration
o Failure of server
o Cable faults
CLASSIFICATION OF AREA BY
THEIR GEOGRAPHY
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)

 LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small

physical area such as an office, factory or a group of
buildings.
 LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
 Exchange of information and sharing of resources becomes easy
because of LAN.
 In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
 Different types of topologies such as star, tree, bus, ring, etc
Can be used
 It is usually a privately owned network.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)
 When network spans over a large distance or when the computers
to be connected to each other are at widely separated locations a
local area network cannot be used. A wide area network(WAN)
is installed.
 The communication between different users of WAN is
established using leased telephone lines, satellite links and
similar channels.
 It is cheaper and more efficient to use the phone network for the
link.
 Most WAN networks are used to transfer large blocks of data
between its users.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)
 A personal area network is a computer network organized
around an individual person.
 It generally consists of a mobile computer, a cell phone or
personal digital assistant. PAN enables the communication
among these devices.
 It can also be used for communication among personal devices
themselves for connecting to a digital level network and
internet.
 The PANs can be constructed using wireless or cables.
 CAMPUS AREA NETWORK(CAN)

 The campus area network is made up of an

interconnection of LAN with limited geographical
area.
 Network equipments such as switches, routers and the
transmission media i.e. optical fibre etc are almost
entirely owned by the campus owner.
 METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK(MAN)

 It is in between LAN & WAN technology that covers the entire

city.
 It uses similar technology as LAN.
 It can be a single network such as cable TV network, or a
measure of connecting a number of LAN’s o a large network
so that resources can be shared LAN to LAN as well as device
to device.
 WAN
LAN

PAN

CAN
MAN
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN LAN,WAN,MAN
PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN
Ownership of
Private Private or public Private or public
network

Geographical
Small Very large Moderate
area covered

Design and
Easy Not easy Not easy
maintenance

Coaxial cables,
Communication PSTN or satellite PSTN, optical
Coaxial cable fibre, cables,
medium links
wireless

Bandwidth Low High moderate

Data
High Low moderate
rates(speed)
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR
COMPONENT ROLE

LOCAL AREA
NETWORK

PEER TO PEER CLIENT SERVER

NETWORK NETWORK
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK
 Each computer is responsible for making its own resources available to
other computers on the network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining its own
security for these resources.
 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required network
resources from peer to peer relationships.
 Useful for a small network containing less than 10 computers on a
single LAN .
 Each computer can function as both client and server.
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system.There are no
servers in peer networks.
 Peer networks are amplified into home group.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
PEER TO PEER NETWORK
Disadvantages:
 Not very secure
 No central point of storage or
file archiving
 Additional load on
computer because of
resource sharing
 Hard to maintain
version control
Advantages:
 Use less expensive
computer hardware
 Easy to administer
 No NOS required
 More built in redundancy
 Easy setup & low cost
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

 In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as server and

other act as clients. A server is simply a computer, that available the
network resources and provides service to other computers when they
request it. A client is the computer running a program that requests the
service from a server.
 LAN is based on client server network relationship.
 A client-server network is one n which all available network resources
such as files, directories, applications and shared devices, are centrally
managed and hosted and then are accessed by client.
 Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a network
that provide security and administration of the network.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-
SERVER NETWORK

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Very secure  requires professional
 Better performance administration
 Centralized backup  More hardware-
 very reliable intensive
 More software
intensive
 Expensive dedicated
software