BEAM DESIGN PROCEDURE

Step Task Standard

1 Determine design life
2 Assess actions on the beam BS 6399-1,2,3
3 Determine which combinations of actions apply BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 2.4.3.1
4 Determine loading arrangements BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 2.4.3
5 Assess durability requirements and determine concrete BS 5328-1-1997-Cl 3.1.5.
strength
6 Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance BS 8110-1-1997-Table 3.4
period
7 Calculate min. cover for durability, fire and bond BS 8110-1-1997-Table 3.3
requirements
8 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments & shear forces BS 8110-2-1997-Cl 3.4.4.1.
9 Design flexural reinforcement BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 3.4.4.4
10 Check shear capacity BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 3.4.5

11 Check deflection BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 3.4.6

12 Check spacing of bars BS 8110-1-1997-Cl 3.12.11
• Concrete is strong in compression but weak and unreliable in tension.
• Reinforcement is required to resist tension due to moment.
• A beam when loads applied,
compression
Apply load

tension
• Concrete at the top resists compression and the steel resists tension
at bottom.
• Design is based on the strength of the section calculated from the
stress distribution at collapse.(at ultimate condition, not in
serviceability conditions)
• Therefore beam section design for the ultimate state.
• An elastic section analysis is later carried out for checking the
serviceability limit states.
Assumptions and stress-strain diagrams
1. The strains in the concrete and reinforcement are derived assuming that
plane sections remain plane;

2. The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived using either

(a) the design stress-strain curve with ϒm=1.5 or
(b) the simplified stress block where the depth of the stress block is 0.9 of the
depth to the neutral axis
Note that in both cases the strain in the concrete at failure is 0.0035;

3. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored;

4. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived using ϒm=1.05.

5. Where the section is designed to resist flexure only, the lever arm should
not be assumed to be greater than 0.95 of the effective depth.
 0.0035 0.45 fcu 0.45 fcu
b
k2 x
C=k1 bx
ϵ0
Neutral Axis

d T
0.95 fy
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Section; (b) Strain; (c) rectangular parabolic strain diagram; (d) simplified stress diagram

Stress-strain curve for concrete Stress-strain curve for reinforcement

Moment of Resistance – Simplified stress block
According to the beam section and the strain and stress diagrams,
The concrete stress is,
0.67 fcu / ϒm = 0.67 fcu / 1.5 = 0.45 fcu

The concrete strain is 0.0035.

The steel stress is

fy / 1.05 = 0.95fy

According to the simplified stress diagram the internal forces are,

C = force in the concrete in compression T = force in the steel in tension

= 0.45 fcu x 0.9b x 0.5d = 0.95 fy As
= 0.201 fcu bd
z = lever arm
For the internal forced to be in equilibrium C = T ;
= d – 0.5 x 0.9 x 0.5d
= 0.775d
MR = Moment of Resistance
= Cz
= 0.201 fcu bd x 0.775d
= 0.156 fcu bd2
2
 START
Procedure for
Carry out analysis of beam to determine determining
design moments(M)
flexural
Determine k from K = M/(bd2fcu ) reinforcement

NO Compression reinforcement
Is K< K’ ?
required
YES

No compression reinforcement required

Use following equations to calculate r/f area
Use following equations to calculate r/f area  K' 
z  d 0.5  0.25  
 0 .9 
 K 
z  d 0.5  0.25    0.95d x  (d  z ) 0.45
 0.9 
As '  ( K  K ' ) f cu bd 2 0.95 f y ( d  d ' )
x  (d  z ) 0.45
As  K ' f cu bd 2 0.95 f y z  As '
As  M 0.95 f y z

Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement requirements for tension and compression
reinforcement
Design of flanged beams
Flanged beams occur where beams are cast integral with and support a continuous floor
slab. Part of the slab adjacent to the beam is counted as acting in compression to form T
and L shape beams

The effective breadth b of flanged beams is given by

1. T-beams – web width bw+lz/10 or the actual flanged width if less
2. L-beams – web width bw+lz/5 or the actual flanged width if less

lz is the distance between points of zero moment (which for a continuous beam, may be
taken as o.7 times the effective span)

The design procedure depends on where the neutral axis lies. The neutral axis may lie
in the flange or in the web. If it is in web it needs to check whether the section needs
compression reinforcement.
Neutral Axis is in flange

To satisfy the criteria the actual neutral axis depth (0.9X) should not exceed flange depth hf.
The moment of resistance of the section for the case when 0.9X = hf ,

MR = 0.45 fcu b hf (d- hf/2)

If the applied moment M is lesser than the moment of resistance of the flange MR neutral axis
lies within the flange.

Neutral Axis is in web

Equation in the code is derived using the simplified stress block with X=o.5d;
depth of stress block = 0.9X = 0.45d
M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As 
0.87 f y (d  0.5h f )

This applies only when X is less than 0.5d.

If otherwise the section should design for the compression reinforcement also.
 START
Designing of
Carry out analysis of beam to determine beams with
design moments(M)
flanged
Find the Moment of Resistance of the sections
flange section(MRF)

NO
Is M > MRF ? Neutral axis is in flange

YES
Design is same as for a
Neutral axis is in web rectangular beam

Find the Moment of Resistance of the

section when neutral axis depth is d/2 -(MR)

NO No compression reinforcement
Is M > MR ?
required
YES
Use following equations to
Compression reinforcement required calculate r/f area
M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As 
0.87 f y (d  0.5h f )
Shear reinforcement in beams
Action of shear reinforcement

Concrete is weak in tension, and so shear failure is caused by a failure in diagonal

tension with cracks running at 45o to the beam axis. Shear reinforcement is provided
by bars which cross the cracks, and theoretically either vertical links of inclined bars
will serve this purpose.

(a) (b)

(a) Inclined bars and links ; (b) vertical links

V
Design shear stress in any cross section;  
bv d

The design concrete shear stress is given in Table 3.8.

After compare the values it can find the form and area of shear reinforcement using Table 3.7
 Design shear resistance of beams
START

Find the design shear stress -

Find the design concrete shear stress -

Provide links or links

combined with bent-up
Minimum links should
bars, not more than
be provided in all Minimum links for
50% of the shear
beams of structural whole length of beam
resistance provided by
importance
the steel may be in the
form of bent-up bars
 START Check for
deflection
Basic span/eff. depth ratio(s/d) - TABLE 3.9 of beams
If span >10m ; (Table 3.9)x(10/span)

Modification factor for tension

reinforcement(MFT) - TABLE 3.10
Actual span/effective depth ratio
(Act. s/d)
Modification factor for compression
reinforcement(MFC) - TABLE 3.11

Allowable span/effective depth ratio

(All. s/d = (s/d) x MFT x MFC )

Act. s/d < All. s/d

NO YES

Design is NOT OK Design is OK

Basic span/effective depth ratio
Table 3.9 – Basic span/effective depth ratio for rectangular or flanged beams
Support conditions Rectangular section Flanged beam with
(bw/b < 0.3)
Cantilever 7 5.6
Simply supported 20 16.0
Continuous 26 20.8
For values greater than 0.3, linear interpolation between the values given in Table 3.9
for rectangular sections and for flanged beams with b w/b of 0.3 may be used

Modification factors for tension reinforcement

Modification factors for tension reinforcement is given in Table 3.10 of the
code. These values were derived from the equation;
(477  f s )
Modificati on _ Factor  0.55   2.0
 M 
120 0.9  2 
Where  bd 
M is the design ultimate moment at the center of the span or, at the support .

The design service stress(fs) in the tension r/f in a member is found by following
equation, 2 f y As ,req 1
fs  
3 As , prov b
Modification factor for compression reinforcement 100 A' s, prov bd Factor
0.00 1.00
Modification factor for compression reinforcement 0.15 1.05
is given in Table 3.11 0.25 1.08
0.35 1.10
0.50 1.14
These values were derived from the equation;
0.75 1.20
1.0 1.25
A' s , prov  A' s , prov 
1  100  3    1.5 1.5 1.33
bd  bd  2.0 1.40
2.5 1.45
>3.0 1.50

Check for the deflection

•Allowable span/eff. depth can be calculated by multiplying basic span/eff. depth

from Table 3.9 by the modification factors for tension and compression
reinforcement.
•Then it is compared with the actual span-to-effective depth ratio.
•If allowable s/d is greater than actual s/d, beam is satisfies the deflection criteria.
•If otherwise not