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3 - Torsion - 2
3 - Torsion - 2
MECHANICS OF
3
CHAPTER
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Torsion
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
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Torsion
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May be
•Circular • Hollow
•Tapered • Solid
•rectangular
•Triangular
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Examples
Car engine
Lath machine
Pumps
Turbine
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Shaft Deformations
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Shearing Strain
• It follows that
L or
L
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J 12 c 4
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
T dA max 2 dA max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion
J 12 c24 c14 formulas,
Tc T
max and
J J
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Normal Stresses
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J
2
4 4
c2 c1 0.060 4 0.045 4
2
max
Tc
Tc
65MPa
6 kN m
J c4 c3
2 2
13.92 10 6 m 4
c 38.9 103 m
TBC c2 20 kN m 0.060 m
max 2 d 2c 77.8 mm
J 13.92 10 6 m 4
86.2 MPa
min c1 min 45 mm
max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm max 86.2 MPa
min 64.7 MPa min 64.7 MPa
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TA TB 90 lb ft
rB B rCC
M B 0 F 0.875 in. T0 rC 2.45 in.
B C C
M C 0 F 2.45 in. TCD rB 0.875 in.
TCD 2.8 T0 B 2.8C
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T L
A / B AB
561lb in.24in.
J ABG 0.375 in.4 11 .2 106 psi
2
0.387 rad 2.22o
TAB c T 0.375 in. 2.8 561lb in.24in.
max 8000 psi 0 T L
C / D CD
J AB 0.375 in.4
2
J CDG 0.5 in.4 11 .2 106 psi
2
T0 663 lb in.
0.514 rad 2.95o
TCD c 2.8 T0 0.5 in.
max
J CD
8000 psi
0.5 in.4
2
B 2.8C 2.8 2.95o 8.26o
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Stress Concentrations
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Tc
max
J
assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations
Tc
max K
J
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Plastic Deformations
• With the assumption of a linearly elastic material,
Tc
max• angle of twist and max shear stress depend on d/s
J
• If the yield strength is exceeded or the material has
a nonlinear shearing-stress-strain curve, this
expression does not hold.
• Shearing strain varies linearly regardless of
material properties. Application of shearing-stress-
strain curve allows determination of stress
distribution.
• The integral of the moments from the internal stress
distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft at the
section,
c c
T 2 d 2 2 d
0 0
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Elastoplastic Materials
TP 43 TY plastic torque
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Elastoplastic Materials
• At the maximum elastic torque,
J L Y
TY Y 12 c3 Y Y
c c
Residual Stresses
• Plastic region develops in a shaft when subjected to a
large enough torque
• When the torque is removed, the reduction of stress
and strain at each point takes place along a straight line
to a generally non-zero residual stress (may be + or -)
• On a T- curve, the shaft unloads along a straight line
to an angle greater than zero
• Residual stresses found from principle of
superposition
Tc dA 0
m
J
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Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and evaluate
the elastic core radius
• Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist
A solid circular shaft is subjected to • Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle
a torqueT 4.6 kN m at each end. which the shaft untwists when the
Assuming that the shaft is made of torque is removed. The permanent
an elastoplastic material with
Y 150 MPa twist is the difference between the
G and
77 GPa determine (a) angles of twist and untwist
the radius of the elastic core, (b) the
• Find the residual stress distribution
angle of twist of the shaft. When the
by a superposition of the stress due to
torque is removed, determine (c) the
twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist, (d) the distribution
of residual stresses.
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Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and • Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist
evaluate the elastic core radius
1 Y
1 Y3 Y T 3 Y
T 3 TY 1 4 3
4 4 3 Y c Y c
c c TY
1 c 4 25 10 m3 Y
TY L
3.68 103 N 1.2 m
J 1
2 2 JG 614 10-9 m 4 77 10 Pa
614 109 m 4 Y 93.4 103 rad
TY c J
Y TY Y 93.4 103 rad
J c 148.3 103 rad 8.50o
0.630
TY
150 106 Pa 614 109 m 4
8.50o
3
25 10 m
3.68 kN m
1
Y 4. 6 3
43 0.630
c 3.68
Y 15.8 mm
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Example 3.08/3.09
• Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle • Find the residual stress distribution
which the shaft untwists when by a superposition of the stress due to
the torque is removed. The twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist is the difference
between the angles of twist and
max
Tc
4.6 103 N m 25 103 m
untwist J 614 10-9 m 4
TL 187.3 MPa
JG
4.6 103 N m 1.2 m
6.14 109 m4 77 109 Pa
116 .8 103 rad
φp
116 .8 103 116 .8 103 rad
1.81o
p 1.81o
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Example 3.10
Extruded aluminum tubing with a rectangular
cross-section has a torque loading of 24 kip-
in. Determine the shearing stress in each of
the four walls with (a) uniform wall thickness
of 0.160 in. and wall thicknesses of (b) 0.120
in. on AB and CD and 0.200 in. on CD and
BD.
SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls
• Find the corresponding shearing stress
with each wall thickness
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Example 3.10
SOLUTION: • Find the corresponding shearing
stress with each wall thickness
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls
with a uniform wall thickness,
q 1.335 kip in.
t 0.160 in.
8.34 ksi
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