Speech

Production
GROUP III

Devi Oktaviani Putri (0304192095)

Farhan Najmi (0304193134)
Mustika Yanti (0304192130)
Nahda Nafisah Hutasuhut (0304192132)
Pardianti (0304192114)
Peby Utami (0304192105)
Rahma Yuni Harahap (0304193138)
 Defenition of Speech Production
Speech production refers to the cognitive process engaged
in going from mind to mouth (Bock, 1995),

Speech production is a process that begin when talker

formulate the message in his/her mind to transmit to the
listener via speech. It is about how people create
meaningful speech with the process of speaking articulated
sounds or words.

Speech production is the process of transforming a

nonlinguistic conceptual structure representing a
communicative intention into a linguistically well-formed
utterance
 Stages of Speech Production

1. Conceptualization 2. Formulation

Conceptualization is the step of choosing

what to precise. Research about into
speech planning and conceptualization is
customarily carried out not as it were
within the field of psycholinguistics but
moreover in areas such as sociolinguistics,
pragmatics, and discourse analysis
At the moment organize of speech
production, formulation, we move close
sufficient to the possible yield of the
method to permit us to be more persuading
in our utilize of empirical data.
 Stages of Speech Production

3. Articulation 4. Self-Monitoring

In differentiate to the conceptualization

The articulation of speech sounds may be
and definition stages of production but
a crucial third stage of production. The
comparable to the articulation stage, it
phonological encoder takes the syntactic
appears that at this last stage of self-
layout and creates a phonological plan for
monitoring wherein it can have coordinate
the utterance, which incorporates its
prove of what is happening when
inevitable intonation and stress pattern.
individuals compose speech.
 Theory of Speech Production
The speech signal is simultaneously expressed in two information-encoding systems:
articulation and acoustics. Goldstein's contribution addresses the relation between representations
in these two parallel manifestations of speech while focusing not on static properties but on
patterns of change over time (temporal co-modulation) in these two channels.
Patri et al. address individual differences in responses to auditory or somatosensory
perturbation in speech production. Two accounts are entertained. The first reduces individual
differences to differences in acuity of the sensory specifications while the second leaves sensory
specifications intact and, instead, modulates the sensitivity of match between motor commands
and their auditory consequences.
Davis and Redford offers a theoretical demonstration along with attendant modeling that the
posited units can emerge from a stage of speech where words or phrases start off as time-aligned
motoric and perceptual trajectories. As words are added and repeatedly rehearsed by the learner,
motoric trajectories begin to develop recurrent articulatory configurations.
 Speech Production as a Full Process
Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words
of a conversation, reactive such as when they name a picture or read aloud a
written word, or imitative, such as in speech repetition. Speech production is not
the same as language production since language can also be produced manually
by signs. In ordinary fluent conversation people pronounce roughly four
syllables, ten or twelve phonemes and two to three words out of their
vocabulary (that can contain 10 to 100 thousand words) each second.
Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs that
generates sound by phonation through the glottis in the larynx that then is
modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants.
 Speech Errors
Speech error include sound exchange or sound anticipation errors. In
sound exchange errors the order of two individual morphemes is
reversed, while in sound anticipation errors a sound from a later syllable
replaces one from an earlier syllable. Slips of the tongue are a normal
and common occurrence. One study shows that most people can make
up to as much as 22 slips of the tongue per day. Speech errors are
common among children, who have yet to refine their speech, and can
frequently continue into adulthood. . When errors continue past the age
of 9 they are referred to as "residual speech errors" or RSEs. They
sometimes lead to embarrassment and betrayal of the speaker's regional
or ethnic origins
 Articulation Process
Articulation is the term used for all actions of the organs of the vocal tract that effect
modifications of the signal generated by the voice source. Articulatory phonetics can be seen
as divided up into three areas to describe consonants.

1. Voice

a. Voiced: Voiced sounds are sounds that involve vocal fold vibrations when they are
produced. Examples of voiced sounds are /b,d,v,m/.
b. Voiceless: Voiceless sounds are sounds that are produced with no vocal fold
vibration. Examples of voiceless sounds in English are /s,t,p,f/.
 2. Place

a. Bilabial: Bilabial sounds involve the upper and lower lips. In English, /p,b,m/ are bilabial sounds.
b. Labiodental: Labiodental sounds involve the lower lip (labial) and upper teeth (dental) coming into
contact with each other to form an effective constriction in the vocal tract. Examples of labiodental sounds
in English are /f,v/. Labiodental sounds can be divided into two types.
 Endolabial: sounds produced where the upper teeth are pressed against the inside of the lower lip.
 Exolabial: sounds produced where the upper teeth are pressed against the outer side of the lower
lip.
a. Dental: Dental sounds involve the tongue tip (active articulator) making contact with the upper teeth to
form a constriction. Examples of Dental sounds in English are / θ, ð/.   
b. Alveolar:  Alveolar sounds involve the front portion of the tongue making contact with the alveolar ridge to
form an effective constriction in the vocal tract. Examples of alveolar sounds in English are /t,d,n,l,s/.
 Postalveolar: A postalveolar sound is produced when the blade of the tongue comes into contact
with the post-alveolar region of your mouth. Examples of post-alveolar sounds in English are / ʃ, ʒ /.
a. Palatal: Palatal sounds are made with the tongue body (the big, fleshy part of your tongue). The tongue
body raises up towards the hard-palate in your mouth (the dome shaped roof of your mouth) to form an
effective constriction. An example of a palatal sounds in English is /j/, usually spelt as <y>.
b. Velar: Velar sounds are made when the back of the tongue (tongue dorsum) raises towards the soft
palate, which is located at the back of the roof of the mouth. Examples of velar sounds in English are
/k,g ŋ/.
 3. Manner Manner of articulation refers to the way a sound is made, as opposed to where it’s made

a. Stop articulations:
Stop articulations are sounds that involve a complete closure in the vocal tract. The type of airflow can be
oral (plosives) or nasal (nasals).
 Plosives: are sounds that are made with a complete closure in the oral (vocal) tract. English
plosives are the sounds /p,b,t,d,k,g/.
 Nasals are similar to plosives in regards to being sounds that are made with a complete closure in
the oral (vocal) tract. However, the velum is lowered during nasal sounds, which allows airflow to
escape through the nasal cavity. There are 3 nasal sounds that occur in English /m,n, ŋ/

b. Fricatives: sounds are produced by narrowing the distance between the active and passive
articulators causing them to be in close approximation. This causes the airflow to become turbulent
when it passes between the two articulators involved in producing a fricative sound. English fricatives
are sounds such as / f,v, θ,ð, s,z, ʃ,ʒ     /

c. Approximants: sounds are created by narrowing the distance between the two articulators.
Although, unlike fricatives, the distance isn’t wide enough to create turbulent airflow.  English has 4
approximant sounds which are /w,j,r,l/.
 
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