Building

Telecommunication
System
 What is Telecommunication?
 Telecommunication is communication
at a distance using electrical signals
or electromagnetic waves.
 It is also a collection of nodes and
links to enable telecommunication.
 Examples of it are the telephone
network, the radio broadcasting
system, computer networks and the
Internet. 
 Types of Networks
 Telephone Network - is a telecommunications network that
connects Telephones, which allows telephone calls between
two or more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and
internet.
 Radio broadcasting - is a transmission of audio (sound),
sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves intended to
reach a wide audience. ... Stations are often affiliated with
a radio network which provides content in a
common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or
simulcast or both.
 A computer network - is a set of computers connected
together for the purpose of sharing resources.
 The Internet - is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that uses the 
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.
 Types of Transmission Media
 Guided Media - It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media.
Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by
using physical links. 
Features:  
 High Speed
 Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances
 There are also three Major Types:
 Twisted Pair Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Types of Transmission Media
 Twisted Pair Cable – It consists of 2 separately insulated
conductor wires wound about each other. Generally,
several such pairs are bundled together in a protective
sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission
Media. Twisted Pair has two types:

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): This type of cable has the

ability to block interference and does not depend on a
physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic
applications. 

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): This type of cable consists of a

special jacket to block external interference. It is used in
fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines. 
 Types of Transmission Media
 Coaxial Cable – It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel
conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial
cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable
bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate
ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables. 
 Advantages: 
 High Bandwidth
 Better noise Immunity
 Easy to install and expand
 Inexpensive
 Disadvantages:  
 Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network
 Types of Transmission Media
 Optical Fiber Cable – It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up
of glass or plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering
called the cladding. It is used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The cable
can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer)
supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.
 Advantages:
 Increased capacity and bandwidth
 Lightweight
 Less signal attenuation
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference
 Resistance to corrosive materials
 Disadvantages:  
 Difficult to install and maintain
 High cost
 Fragile
 Types of Transmission Media
 Unguided Media: It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded
transmission media. No physical medium is required for the
transmission of electromagnetic signals. 
 Features:  
 The signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances
 There are 4 types of Unguided Media
 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared
 Satellites
 Types of Transmission Media
 Radio Waves - these are easy to generate and can penetrate through
buildings. The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency
Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves
for transmission.
 Types of Transmission Media
 Microwaves – It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving
antennas need to be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered
by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency
Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution. 
 Types of Transmission Media
 Infrared – Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication.
They cannot penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between
systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes,
wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.
 Types of Transmission Media
 A satellite - is basically a self-contained communications system with the
ability to receive signals from Earth and to retransmit those signals back with
the use of a transponder(an integrated receiver) and transmitter
of radio signals.
 Structed Cabling
 Structured cabling is the design and installation of a cabling system
that will support multiple hardware uses and be suitable for today's
needs and those of the future. With a correctly installed system,
current and future requirements can be met, and hardware that is
added in the future will be supported.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System
 Horizontal Cabling
 Backbone Cabling
 Work Area
 Telecommunications Closet
 Equipment Room
 Entrance Facility
 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System

 Horizontal Cabling - is all the cabling between

telecommunications outlet in a work area and the
horizontal cross-connect in the
telecommunications closet, including horizontal
cable, mechanical terminations, jumpers and
patch cords located in the telecommunications
room or telecommunications enclosure, multiuser
telecommunications outlet assemblies and
consolidation points. This type of wiring runs
horizontally above ceilings or below floors in a
building. In spite of the cable types, the
maximum distance allowed between devices is 90
meters. Extra 6 meters is allowed for patch
cables at the telecommunication closet and in
the work area, but the combined length of these
patch cables cannot exceed 10 meters.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured
Cabling System
 Backbone Cabling - is also known as vertical
cabling. It offers the connectivity between
telecommunication rooms, equipment rooms,
access provider spaces and entrance facilities.
The cable runs on the same floor, from floor to
floor, and even between buildings. Cable
distance depends on the cable type and the
connected facilities, but twisted pair cable is
limited to 90 meters.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
 Work area - refers to space where
cable components are used
between communication outlets
and end-user telecommunications
equipment. The cable components
often include station equipment
(telephones, computers, etc.),
patch cables and communication
outlets.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured
Cabling System
 Telecommunications closet - is an
enclosed area like a room or a cabinet
 to house telecommunications
equipment, distribution frames, cable
terminations and cross connects. Each
building should have at least one wiring
closet and the size of closet depends on
the size of service area.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
 Equipment room - is the centralized
place to house equipment inside
building telecommunications systems
(servers, switches, etc.) and
mechanical terminations of the
telecommunications wiring system.
Unlike the telecommunications closet,
equipment room houses more complex
components.
 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
 Entrance facility - encompasses the
cables, network demarcation point,
connecting hardware, protection
devices and other equipment that
connect to the access provider or
private network cabling. Connections
are between outside plant and inside
building cabling.
 Wireless System
 A wireless system - uses an intrinsically open and unsecure radio
channel for transmission of user signaling and traffic between the base
station and mobile stations.
 Types of Wireless Networks
 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
 Types of Wireless Networks

 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN):

WWANs are created through the use of
mobile phone signals typically provided
and maintained by specific mobile phone
(cellular) service providers. WWANs can
provide a way to stay connected even
when away from other forms of network
access.
 Types of Wireless Networks

 Wireless Local Area Network

(WLAN): WLAN are wireless
networks that use radio waves.
The backbone network usually
uses cables, with one or more
wireless access points connecting
the wireless users to the wired
network. The range of a WLAN can
be anywhere from a single room to
an entire campus.
 Types of Wireless Networks

 Wireless Personal Area Network

(WPAN): WPANs are short-range
networks that use Bluetooth
technology. They are commonly
used to interconnect compatible
devices near a central location,
such as a desk. A WPAN has a
typical range of about 30 feet.
Types of Renewable
Power
 Types of Renewable Power
 A renewable energy source means energy that is sustainable
- something that can't run out, or is endless, like the sun. When you
hear the term 'alternative energy' it's usually referring to renewable
energy sources too. It means sources of energy that are alternative to
the most commonly used non-sustainable sources - like coal.
 The most popular renewable energy sources currently are:
 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Hydro energy
 Tidal energy
 Geothermal energy
 Biomass energy 
 Types of Renewable Power
 Solar Energy - Sunlight is one of our
planet’s most abundant and freely
available energy resources. The amount of
solar energy that reaches the earth’s
surface in one hour is more than the
planet’s total energy requirements for a
whole year. Although it sounds like a
perfect renewable energy source, the
amount of solar energy we can use varies
according to the time of day and the
season of the year as well as geographical
location. In the UK, solar energy is an
increasingly popular way to supplement
your energy usage. Find out if it’s right for
you by reading our guide to solar power.
 Types of Renewable Power
 Wind energy - Wind is a plentiful
source of clean energy. Wind farms
are an increasingly familiar sight in
the UK with wind power making an
ever-increasing contribution to the
National Grid. To harness
electricity from wind energy,
turbines are used to drive
generators which then feed
electricity into the National Grid.
Although domestic or ‘off-grid’
generation systems are available,
not every property is suitable for a
domestic wind turbine. Find out
more about wind energy on
our wind power page.
 Types of Renewable Power
 Hydro energy - As a renewable energy
resource, hydro power is one of the most
commercially developed. By building a dam or
barrier, a large reservoir can be used to create
a controlled flow of water that will drive a
turbine, generating electricity. This energy
source can often be more reliable than solar or
wind power (especially if it's tidal rather than
river) and also allows electricity to be stored
for use when demand reaches a peak. Like
wind energy, in certain situations hydro
can be more viable as a commercial energy
source (dependant on type and compared to
other sources of energy) but depending very
much on the type of property, it can be used
for domestic, ‘off-grid’ generation. Find out
more by visiting our hydro power page.
 Types of Renewable Power
 Tidal energy - This is another
form of hydro energy that uses
twice-daily tidal currents to
drive turbine generators.
Although tidal flow unlike some
other hydro energy sources isn’t
constant, it is highly predictable
and can therefore compensate
for the periods when the tide
current is low. Find out more by
visiting our marine energy page.
 Types of Renewable Power
 Geothermal energy - By harnessing
the natural heat below the earth’s
surface, geothermal energy can be
used to heat homes directly or to
generate electricity. Although it
harnesses a power directly below our
feet, geothermal energy is of
negligible importance in the UK
compared to countries such as
Iceland, where geothermal heat is
much more freely available.
 Types of Renewable Power
 Biomass Energy - This is the
conversion of solid fuel made
from plant materials into
electricity. Although
fundamentally, biomass involves
burning organic materials to
produce electricity, and
nowadays this is a much cleaner,
more energy-efficient process.
By converting agricultural,
industrial and domestic waste
into solid, liquid and gas fuel,
biomass generates power at a
much lower economic and
environmental cost.