Confined Space Entry

CSE Training
 Session Preliminaries
Welcome to the training;
• Trainer introduction • PPE requirements
• Student introduction • Restricted areas/activities
• Action on Alarms • Respecting each other
• Breaks
• Timings
• Meals
• Where training will be conducted
 Course Aim

• Train persons in the Hazards of Confined Spaces (CS), and the

procedures to be followed, to a level where they are competent to
participate as a member of a Confined Space Entry (CSE) Team and to
participate in CS activities to a safe level.
 Course Objectives

Learning Objectives:

• Understand what a CS is.

• Know What Duties are involved.
• Follow Safe working procedures.
• Able to use a Gas detector.
• Identify the required PPE.
• An understanding of the need for Rescue.
 Understand what a CS is.
CSE Training
 What is a Confined Space (CS)?

• A CS is any place, which, by virtue of its enclosed nature, there arises

a reasonable foreseeable ‘specified risk’.

In other words

• A CS can be any space of an enclosed nature where there is a risk of

death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous
conditions (e.g. lack of oxygen).
• Confined Space - Characteristics;
 Confined Space - Characteristics;

• Has adequate configuration for employee

entry.
• Has limited means of entering and exiting.
• Is not designed for continuous employee
occupancy.
• It presents risk of asphyxiation (not enough
oxygen, toxic gases).
• It presents risk of explosion (flammable
gases).
• Normally is not illuminated or ventilated.
 Examples of Confined Space;

Some CS are fairly easy to identify,

e.g.

• Enclosures with limited openings:

• Storage tanks;
• Silos;
• Enclosed drains and sewers.
 Examples of Confined Space;

Others may be less obvious, but can

be equally dangerous, e.g.

• Open-topped chambers.
• Vats.
• Combustion chambers in furnaces.
• Ductwork.
• Unventilated or poorly ventilated
rooms.
 Examples of Confined Space;

• Vessels.
• Tanks.
• Exhaust Ducts.
• Storage Bins.
• Mud pits.
• Trenches.
• Sewers.
 Confined Space Hazard;

A “reasonable foreseeable specified risk” includes:

• Flammable substances and oxygen enrichment.

• Toxic gas, fume or vapor.
• Oxygen deficiency.
• The ingress or presence of liquids.
• Free flowing solid materials.
 Confined Space Hazard;

A “reasonable foreseeable specified risk” includes:

• Presence of excessive heat.

• Sludge/ scale
• Fixed ladders (working at height).
• Internal configuration which could trap/injure
entrants.
 Other Dangerous Situations
• Failure to positively isolate the confined space.
• Mechanical equipment in the space.
• The ingress of steam, hot water or other liquids which
may cause scalding or drowning.
• Communication difficulties.
• Poor access and egress restricting movement for
normal work and/or rescue.
• Slippery surfaces.
 Know What Duties are involved.
CSE Training
 Who is Involved;
The following roles are required for any confined
space entry and work;

• Entrant/s.
• Attendant.
• Entry supervisor.
• Rescue team.
 The Entrant;
Duties:
• To assure that the CS has been
adequately ventilated, isolated,
emptied, or otherwise made safe
for entry.
• To immediately exit a CS, without
question, upon word of the
attendant, or the sounding of an
alarm no matter what the reason.
 The Entrant;

Duties:
• To follow all safety rules and
procedures that apply to the job
or work activity.

• To be familiar with the work to

be performed and the procedures
that apply to the job.
•T o use the appropriate PPE
whenever necessary.
 The Attendant;

Duties:
• To monitor entrants during the
job and during entry/exit to help
and ensure their safety.
• To monitor atmospheric
conditions in the CS prior to and
continuously during entry.

• To control and prevent

unauthorized access to the CS.
 The Attendant;
Duties:

• To assess hazards in and

around the CS, and take
action on the same.
• To keep records of CS work,
such as air test results,
personnel entry/exit.
 Entry supervisor;
Duties:
• To assure that all personnel
involved are aware of the hazards
associated with the CS.

• To assure adequate protection

is provided to the entrants by
verifying adequate lock out/tag
out and that all hazards are
securely isolated.
 Entry supervisor;
Duties:

• To support the attendant's

authority in controlling access to
a CS.
• To verify that all personnel have
exited prior to closing the CS.
• To assure that rescue team are
available and prepared prior to
entry.
 Entry supervisor;
Duties:
• Carry out toolbox talks prior to
works being carried out.
• Oversee safety of personnel
and work within the CS.
• Ensure strict adherence to all
safety procedures and work
instructions.
• Checking condition of work site
on completion of all works.
 The Rescue team;
Duties:

• Trained in Rescue
• Attend the PJSM.
• Checking rescue equipment.
• Work may require them to be
equipped and ready for entry at
the entrance of the CS.
 Follow Safe working procedures.
CSE Training
 Risk Assessment Steps;

We must carry out a RISK ASSESSMENT and RESCUE

PLAN development prior to any work being carried out.
 Risk Assessment Steps;

Considerations:
• The task.
• The working environment.
• The working materials and
tools.
• The suitability of those
carrying out the tasks.
• Emergency response and
rescue plan.
Risk Assessment Steps;
Step 1:
Identify
the
hazard.
Step 5: Step 2:
Monitor Assess
and the level
review. of risk.

Step 4:
Step 3:
Identify and
Evaluate any
Implement
existing
any
control
additional
measures.
controls
 Risk Assessment Steps;

Prior to any work being carried out, potential hazards shall be

Identified. These may include:

• Oxygen deficiency or enrichment.

• Flammability (fire and/or explosion).
• Residual liquids/solids and associated toxic or other noxious gases.
• Chemical hazards.
• Physical hazards.
• Restricted entry/exit.
 Risk Assessment Steps;

• Define the job.

• Identify component tasks.
• Evaluate risks.
• Identify additional controls.
• Re-evaluate risks.
• Obtain necessary approvals.
• Communicate results of the risk assessment.
• Undertake the task.
• Ensure lessons learned are put into practice.
 Pre-entry requirements;

Documents;
• Risk Assessments.
• Permit To Work.
• Gas Test Certificate.
• Rescue plan.
• Isolations Certificates
• Tool Box Talk.
 Pre-entry requirements (Equipment);

• Testing and monitoring equipment.

• Ventilating equipment.
• Communications equipment.
• Personal protective equipment.
• Lighting equipment.
• Barriers and shields.
• Equipment needed for safe ingress/egress..
• Emergency equipment.
• Other equipment for safe entry.
 Permit to Work;
The permit must document:
• Purpose of entry.
• Date and duration of the entry permit.
• Authorized entrants.
• Confined Space Entry attendant/s.
• Entry supervisor and place for signature.
• Hazards of the permit space.
• Isolation measures - hazard controls (purging,
ventilating, etc).
 Permit to Work;
The permit must document:
• The acceptable entry conditions.
• Test results (initial/periodic) with initials/name
of tester & time.
• Rescue/emergency services available and
means to summon.
• Communication procedures bet. Entrant and
Attendant.
• All necessary equipment (PPE,
Testing/Communication equipment, etc.)
• Any additional permits (hot work, etc.).
 Preparation Before Entry;

Isolation:
Block off all piping through which any (toxic or potentially harmful).
materials can be introduced to the confined space:

Methods
· Lockout/Tag out isolation valves.
· Blank off entering lines.
· Disconnect piping.
· Remove a section of piping.
 Preparation Before Entry;

Conditioning:

Release pressure from the tank (vessel).

• Before opening the vessel or confined space, remove (by pumping or
draining) as completely as possible all residual material.
• Make the confined space/vessel as clean as possible by washing with
water or an appropriate cleaning solution and follow by rinsing or
venting.
 Preparation Before Entry;

Ventilation:

• Open all covers and vents to the confined space.

• Ventilate area with blowers or by natural exhausting air.
• Ventilation shall take place until all employees have left the space.
 Preparation Before Entry;
Ventilation:
Preparation Before Entry;
 Preparation Before Entry;

The vessel looked A deposit behind the

clean so the welder baffle caught fire
was allowed to enter
 Preparation Before Entry;
Cleaning:

• Depressurize and drain.

• Purge with steam or nitrogen.
• Conduct necessary atmospheric checks.
• Correct PPE for cleaning.
• Correct cleaning materials.
• Clean from outside if possible.
• Safe disposal of waste.
 Able to use a Gas detector.
CSE Training
 Atmosphere Testing

• A multi-gas detector must be used to test the

atmosphere prior to entry and continuously
throughout occupancy of any confined space
area.

• Readings shall be taken starting at the top of

the space and at regular distances (every 4
feet) throughout the space thereafter.
 Atmosphere Testing

To test for:

• Oxygen deficient or enriched

atmospheres.
• Presence of flammable gases.
• Presence of toxic gases.
 Atmosphere Testing

• Tester must be trained AGT.

• Competent with equipment.
• Have an understanding of the hazards,
process and area to be tested.
• Attend tool box talk/PJSM.
• Where possible conduct test from outside
the space.
• Enter space under an entry permit.
 Atmosphere Testing
• Wear breathing apparatus for initial test
when necessary.
• Should wear harness and lifeline were
possible.
• Ensure any ventilation is turned off.
• Test results recorded on entry permit and gas
test certificate.
• Re-test as required by permit.
• Continues monitoring to be conducted while
persons are inside the confined space.
 Atmosphere Testing

• If confined space is left for any reason, a

new test must be conducted and recorded
before re-entry.
• Observe and record any sludge or scale in
the confined space and record it on the
entry permit.
• All gas testing equipment must be within
test and calibration date.
Atmosphere Testing
Atmosphere Testing
 Detecting Oxygen Level;

• Oxygen (O2) is colorless and odorless gas.

• Normal content in air is 20.9% by volume.
• Oxygen content must be between 19.5% and
23.5% by volume for breathing.
• Levels slightly lower than 20.9% lead to
tiredness.
• But at lower levels still, the result can be
unconsciousness and, ultimately death.
 Detecting Combustible/Flammable
Gases;

• The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of a gas is the

lowest concentration in air at which it will burn.
Below this level it would not burn because the
mixture is too lean.

• The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) of a gas is the

highest concentration in air at which it will burn.
Above this level the mixture is too rich, so
combustion cannot take place.
 Detecting Toxic
Gases;
• If toxic vapors may be present in a confined
space, the concentration must be evaluated in
parts per million (ppm) prior to employee entry.
 CO Exposure limits as defined under the PEL

• OSHA PEL
• The current Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL)
for carbon monoxide is 50 parts per million (ppm) parts
of air as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
concentration.
• NIOSH REL
• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended
exposure limit (REL) for carbon monoxide of 35 ppm as
an 8-hour TWA and 200 ppm as a ceiling [NIOSH 1992].
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of cardiovascular
effects.
 H2S Exposure limits as defined under the PEL

• Worker Exposure Limits

• NIOSH REL (10-min. ceiling): 10 ppm
• OSHA PELs:
1. General Industry Ceiling Limit: 20 ppm
2. General Industry Peak Limit: 50 ppm (up to 10 minutes if
no other exposure during shift)
3. Construction 8-hour Limit: 10 ppm
4. Shipyard 8-hour limit: 10 ppm
 Confined Space Hazard groups;

Hazard Group A:
• Oxygen content is between 19.5% and 22.0%,
• Combustible gas concentration is less than 10% of the lower explosive
limit (LEL), and
• Toxic vapour concentration is less than the threshold limit value (TLV)
as indicated by the Polytest tubes, or for any specific materials tested.
 Confined Space Hazard groups;
Restrictions:

• No Hot Work is permitted unless the LEL is and

remains below 10%.

• If HW is needed : ventilation is required

maintain air circulation
 Confined Space Hazard groups;

Hazard Group B:
• Combustible gas concentration is less than 10% of the lower explosive
limit (LEL), but,
• The oxygen content is below 19.5% by volume, or
• The toxic vapour concentration is above the threshold limit value
(TLV) as indicated by the Polytest tubes or for any specific materials
tested.
 Confined Space Hazard groups;
Restrictions:
• Approved breathing equipment is required prior to
the entry in confined space.

• No Hot Work is permitted unless the LEL is and

remains below 10%.
 Confined Space Hazard groups;
Hazard Group C:
Under no circumstances will a confined
space/vessel be entered if the concentration of
combustible gasses cannot be maintained below
10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
 Identify the required PPE.
CSE Training
 CS Entry / Horizontal

• Don Harness.
• Lifeline, if safe and will
not cause hazard to
entrant.
• Test/confirm
communications before
entry.
• If Breathing Apparatus is
required conduct
pre entry check.
 CS Entry / Vertical
• Don Harness.
• Attach to fall arrest device
(if required).
• Attach to life line.

If no means of entry (ladder);

• Attach to fall arrest device.
• Connect to man-riding
winch.
• Disconnect from winch at
bottom.
 Types of Breathing Apparatus;
1. Escape Set:

• 5 - 15 minutes duration
• Low pressure warning - Alarm
• Not to be worn for rescue purposes.
 Types of Breathing Apparatus;
2. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

• For working durations of up to 60 minutes.

• Specific tasks.
• Fire/rescue teams.
 Types of Breathing Apparatus;
3. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA)
• Mobile supply
• Cascade system
• Durations over 60 min
 Air Consumption
Factors which may affect breathing will include:

• Physical fitness.
• Age.
• Experience.
• Mental state.
• Stress level.
• Work rate.
• Environment.
• Smoking.
 Working with Breathing Apparatus;
Always

• Inspect set pressure is more than 80% full.

• Don the BA set in a SAFE area.
• Upwind of any possible air contamination.
• Make regular gauge checks.
• Maintain contact with Team members.
• Return to Safe Area before warning whistle
sounds.
 General Set Description;
Back-plate

• Back-plate.
• Cylinder straps.
• Harness straps.
• Waist belt.
• Air pressure pipe work.
• Pressure gauge.
• Warning whistle.
• Demand regulator.
 General Set Description;
Mask

• Face mask seal.

• Head harness (Spider).
• Neck support strap.
• Visor.
• Exhalation port.
• Two-none return valves.
• Positive pressure (Air).
 An understanding of the need for Rescue.
CSE Training
 Emergency Arrangements;

• Rescue plan prepared and approved for all

CSE activities.

• Plan communicated to all at tool box

talk/PJSM

• Considerations for Rescue Team attending

tool box talk – mandatory.
 Emergency Arrangements;
Plan to include:

• Exact location of confined space.

• Means of raising alarm.
• Hazards involved.
• Existing safety precautions.
• Rescue equipment.
• Rescue team personnel.
• First aid arrangements.
 The Rescue Plan;
Plan to include:

• Those who are involved in the task.

• Means of communication..
• Work description.
• Main safety precautions, including access, egress,
safety equipment, gas testing, barriers etc.
• Actions to be taken in the event of an emergency.
• Must include Rescue team in PJSM.
 Rescue Equipment;
Equipment to include:

• Fall Protection Equipment.

• Rescue and Retrieval Kit.
• SCBA.
• Tripod / suitable anchorage point.

Only trained competent personnel will use this

equipment.
 Rescue Equipment;
Equipment to include:

• There are many types of Rescue

Kits available.

• The one shown here is the Rescue

Positioning Device made by DBI
Sala.
 Ending CS Work Activities;

After the work within the CS has been completed, the proper steps to
restore the CS to its original condition must be performed:

• Inspect the interior for any tools, nuts, bolts.

• Make sure no one is left inside.
• Remove and store all ventilating devices.
• Close all openings, hatches, covers.
• Remove any blind flanges.
 Ending CS Work Activities;
• Connect any flow line / piping that was
disconnected to isolate the confined space.
• Close all drain line valves; open all inlet and
outlet valves on the vessel.
• De-isolate everything that was locked / tagged
out.
• Entry Supervisor to visually check the site.
• Close the Permit.
• Carry out Post-job safety meeting and
communicate any Lessons Learned.
CSE Training
Any Questions???
 Summary;
• Always test atmosphere before entry.

• Understand the means of rescue.

• Know how to use all equipment.

• If unsure about something… Ask a question.

• When instructed to leave the CS, do so without

delay.
 Theory Assessment;

• Read the questions and decide which

question is the correct answer.

• Now please complete question sheet, Trainer

will grade the sheet.

• Additional training will be provided for those

not achieving a 70% score or above.
 Practical Assessment;

• You are now required to complete a practical

assessment exercises.

• The trainer will explain the scenario for the

activity, Trainer will grade your performance.

• Additional training will be provided for those not

achieving a Not Yet Competent grade.
 Practical Assessment Activity;
• Identify correct documentation for a CSE
activity.

• Set up the equipment required for a CSE.

• Demonstrate the correct method of donning

EEBA.
 Look Forward;

• To receiving your certificate of Training.

• Implementing your new Knowledge and Skills

into your everyday work schedule.