Science as

methods
and results
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General Idea of how

to do science
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1. Observe.

2. Determine the problem.

3. Formulate Hypothesis.

-Goal: reject the null hypothesis.

4. Conduct experiment.

5. Gather and analyze

6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation.

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Verification
Theory
A discipline is science if it can be confirmed or
interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis
being accepted.
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Verification theory
 Gives premium to empiricism.
 Only takes into account those results which are
measurable and experiments which are repeatable.
 20th century: Vienna Circle - “only those can be
observed should be regarded as meaningful and
those which cannot, be directly accessed as
meaningless.”
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Verification theory
 Einstein’s theory on the existence of gravitational waves.

 Quantum Mechanics; Edwin Schrodinger - “The cat in the

box is both dead and alive.”

 Thomas Kuhn – warned us about bridging the gap

between evidence and theory.
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falsification
Theory
As long as an ideology is not proven to be false and
can best explain as a phenomenon over alternative
theories, we should accept the said ideology.
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falsification theory
 Karl Popper – “Marx’s Theory of Social History
and Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis, are not
testable and not falsifiable.”
 There is no assurance that observable events or
evidences are indeed manifestation of a certain concept
or theories.

 Falsification method is more accepted.

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Science as social
endeavor
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Science as social endeavor

 Science manifestation differ from one to another.
 The seven philosophers explores the other grounds of
science.
 Different culture produces different science basis.
 Others solely rely on labs while others prosper the
wealth of the community.
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Science and results

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Science and results

 Science on itself produces conducive results.

 Being oblivious to science creates other ideologies that

produces the same probability of event occurrence.
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Science as
education
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Science as education
 Science is suppose to be a continuous discovery and
acceptance of newly profound ideas.
 School taught science hinder the students to accept the
wide variety of other sciences.
 Paul Feyerabend and Aristotle provide a good
reasoning as to how science is connected and
embodied in other aspects of life.
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How much is
Too Much?
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How much is too much?

 Economic and technological growth defines the
development of a society.
 Growth can cause negativities too.
 While we keep on pursuing growth we should also
acknowledge the balance of nature.
 Growth should promote development not exploitation.
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Thanks!
Any questions?
Group 2
Carolino, Valerie G.
Castillas, John Clifford V.
Cantillo, Kenneth
Cañotal, Richard
Cruz, Arvie
CE11KB4