Categorical Propositions

Shahid SherAli
In logic, a categorical proposition, or categorical
statement, is a proposition that asserts or
denies that all or some of the members of one
category (the subject term) are included in
another (the predicate term). The study
of arguments using categorical statements
(i.e., syllogisms) forms an important branch
of deductive reasoning that began with
the Ancient Greeks.
1. Universal Affirmative
All the members of
subject class are included in predicated class.
All crows are black
S P
All S is P
• Universal Negative
No member of subject class
is included in predicate class. It is also called E
Propositions.
No crows are Black
S P
No S is P
 Particular Affirmative
Some member (at least 1)
Member of subject class is included in predicate
class. It is also called I propositions.
Some crows are black
S P
Some S is P
• Particular Negative
some members (at least 1)of
the subject class is not included in the
predicate class. It is called O propositions.
some crows are not black
S P
Some S are not P
Over view
Quality
It may be either affirmative or negative.
For in stance A and I propositions are
affirmative in quality and E and O
propositions are Negative in quality
Quantity:
it is an attribute of the standard
categorical proposition that it refers to its
no , some or all members of the subject
class . Thus it may be universal or particular
in quantity.
Copula
the connecting verb between subject and
predicate term is known as copula for instance
• All politicians are
Are Liar
• Distribution
An attribute that describes the relationship
between a categorical proposition and each of
its term indicating that whether or not the
proposition is making the claim about every
member of the class represented by given
term .
Example All senators are citizens
Over view