Basic Electronics

By
Dr. Abhijit Bhowmick
SENSE
VIT, Vellore, TN, India

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 Evolution of Electronics
 Vacuum tubes: In 1904, the simplest vacuum tube (the diode) was invented by Jhon
Fleming.

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 Evolution of Electronics
 In 1907, De Forest invented the triode by inserting a third electrode between cathode
and anode.

The vacuum tube was bulky and fragile device which consumes a significant power.
It took large area, reliability is poor and required frequent maintenance.

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 Evolution of Electronics

 In 1930, Lilienfeld field for patent FET.

 In 1947, William Shockley, Jhon Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented first transistor
(solid state) at Bell Lab. The modern transistor (point contact transistor) was a junction
transistor and it was monolithic (base, emitter, and collector are in the same piece of
semiconductor).

Shockley introduced the improved bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered
production in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of transistors.

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 Evolution of Electronics
 The polar transistor continues to be an important device and as a part of IC.

 Later in digital circuits, the MOSFET has surpass the bipolar transistor
because of high integration density and low power consumption.

 In 1958, Jack Kilby (an American engineer worked at Texas Instruments)

demonstrated the first IC (bipolar transistor, resistor, and capacitor)
fabricated on a single piece of germanium.

 Designed “feature size” chip – a large number of transistor to be integrated

on one chip. (“feature size” means the size of the elements on chip, which
today is measured in nanometers, is the minimum distance between the
source and drain on a MOS transistor).

 1965 onwards, the number of transistor doubled in every two year (Moore’s
law).

 In 1970, feature size became 10 μ m and in 2010 it became 0.032 μ m .

 Now it is system on chip.

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 Impact of Electronics in Industry and Society
 This generation is really very blessed because of the evolution of electronics.
Most often, all types of person from all over the globe has different electronics in
their household (fridge, washing machine, TV etc.).

 Some of the most common electronics found at home are laptops, mobile
phones, PC or table computer and most often (according to statistics) iPad or
tablets. These electronics showcase different features for the customers to use.
They usually have different types of usage and functionalities.
 The electronics industry emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the
largest global industries. The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The
central driving force behind the entire electronics industry is the 
semiconductor industry sector.
 The size of the industry and the use of toxic materials, as well as the difficulty of
recycling has led to a series of problems with electronic waste. International
regulation and environmental legislation has been developed in an attempt to
address the issues.
 As sales of electronic products in United States grew from some $200 million in
1927 to over $266 billion in 1990, the electronics industry transformed factories,
offices, and homes, emerging as a key economic sector that rivaled the
chemical, steel, and auto industries in size.
 By 2020, the electronics market in India is expected to increase to USD400
billion from USD69.6 billion in 2012. The market is projected to grow to USD
989.37 billion in 2027. 

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 The Resistor
• Resistance is the impediment to the
free flow of electrons through a
conductor
– (friction to moving electrons)
– Where there’s friction, there is heat
generated
– All materials exhibit some
resistance, even the best of
conductors
• The electrical symbol for an resistor is
R.
• Unit measured in Ohm(s)

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 Type of Resistors Fixed Value

• Fixed Value
• Variable value
• Composite resistive material Variable value
• Wire wound
• Two parameter associated with
resistors
– Resistance value in Ohms
– Power handling capabilities in
watts

Wire wound Composite resistive material

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 Resistors Colour Coding

B. B. ROY of Great Britain has a Very Good

Wife

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 Resistors Colour Coding

Calculate resistance value

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 Resistors Colour Coding

1 0 x (1/10) 5%

3 0 0 x 10 1%

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 Connection of Resistors

Series connection : Parallel connection :

R1 Equivalent resistance?

R2
R4
R3

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 Ohm’s Law

• There is a mathematical
relationship between the three
components (V, R, and I) of
electricity. That relationship is
Ohm’s Law.
– V = volts
– R = resistance in ohms
– I = current in amps

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 The Capacitor
• The capacitor is a component which has
the ability or “capacity” to store energy
in the form of an electrical charge
producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a
small rechargeable battery.
• The electrical symbol for an capacitor is
C.
• A capacitor consists of two or more
parallel conductive (metal) plates which
are not connected or touching each
other, but are electrically separated
either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed
paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some
form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating
layer between a capacitors plates is
Variable capacitor
commonly called the Dielectric.
• Unit measured in Farad (F).
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 The Capacitor

• Standard Units of Capacitance

Microfarad  (μF)   1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad  (nF)   1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
Picofarad  (pF)   1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10 -12 F

• Capacitance is defined as being that a capacitor has the capacitance

of One Farad when a charge of One Coulomb is stored on the plates by
a voltage of One volt.

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 Type of capacitors

1. Electrolytic Capacitor
2. Mica Capacitor
3. Paper Capacitor
4. Film Capacitor
5. . Film Capacitor
6. Ceramic Capacitor

Mica Capacitor

. Film Capacitor
Paper Capacitor

. Film Capacitor Ceramic Capacitor

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Capacitors Colour Coding

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 The Inductor
• An inductor is a passive electrical component
that opposes sudden changes in current.
Inductors are also known as coils or chokes.
The electrical symbol for an inductor is L.
• Inductors slow down current surges or
spikes by temporarily storing energy in an
electro-magnetic field and then releasing it
back into the circuit.
• Major purposes:
1. Choking, blocking, attenuating, or filtering/
smoothing high frequency noise in electrical
circuits
2. Storing and transferring energy in power
converters (dc-dc or ac-dc)
3.Creating tuned oscillators or LC (inductor /
capacitor) "tank" circuits
4. Impedance matching
• Unit measured in the Henry (H).

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Type of Inductors

1. Air-core inductor
2. Iron-core inductor
3. Toroidal inductor
4. Laminated core inductor
5. Powered iron-core inductor Air-core inductor

Iron-core inductor
Toroidal inductor

Laminated core inductor Powered iron-core inductor

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Inductance

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Parameters of Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor

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 Parameters of Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor

What is equivalent

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 Electro-mechanical Components

Relay : A Relay is an electromechanical device that can be used

to make or break an electrical connection.

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 Electro-mechanical Components
A movable armature consists of a spring support or stand like structure
connected to one end, and a metal contact connected to another side,
all these arrangements are placed over the core such that, when the
coil is energized, it attracts the armature.

The movable armature is generally considered as a common terminal

which is to be connected to the external circuitry. The relay also has two
pins namely normally closed and normally opened (NC and NO), the
normally closed pin is connected to the armature or the common
terminal whereas the normally opened pin is left free (when the coil is
not energized). When the coil is energized the armature moves and is
get connected to the normally opened contact till there exists flow of
current through the coil. When it is de-energized it goes to its initial
position.

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 Electro-mechanical Components
Types of Relay Based on the principle of operation
Electrothermal relay:
When two different materials are joined together it forms into a bimetallic strip. When
this strip is energized it tends to bend, this property is used in such a way that the
bending nature makes a connection with the contacts.
Electromechanical relay:
With the help of few mechanical parts and based on the property of an electromagnet
a connection is made with the contacts.
Solid State relay:
Instead of using mechanical parts as in electrothermal and electromechanical relays,
it uses semiconductor devices. So, the switching speed of the device can be made
easier and faster. The main advantages of this relay are its more life span and faster
switching operation compared to other relays.
Hybrid relay:
It is the combination of both electromechanical and solid-state relays.
 
Types of Relay Based on the polarity:
Polarized relay:
These are similar to the electromechanical relays but there exists both permanent
magnet and electromagnet in it, the movement of the armature depends on the
polarity of the input signal applied to the coil. Used in telegraphy applications.
Non-polarized relay:
The coil in these relays doesn’t have any polarities and its operation remains
unchanged even if the polarity of the input signal is altered.
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 Electro-mechanical Components
Contactor : It is a device which is used for repeatedly establishing and
interrupting an electric circuit under normal conditions.

Applications:
Lighting control:
Contactors are often used to provide central control of large
lighting installations, such as an office building or retail
building.
Magnetic starter:
A magnetic starter is a device designed to provide power to
electric motors. It includes a contactor as an essential
component, while also providing power-cutoff, under-
voltage, and overload protection.
Vacuum contactor:
Vacuum contactors utilize vacuum bottle encapsulated contacts to suppress the
arc. This arc suppression allows the contacts to be much smaller and use less
space than air break contacts at higher currents.
Mercury relay:
A mercury relay, sometimes called a mercury displacement relay, or, mercury
contactor, is a relay that uses the liquid metal mercury in an insulated sealed
container as the switching element.

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 Electro-mechanical Components

What’s the difference between a Contactor and a Control Relay?

The key difference between control relays and contactors is the rating of

current that they are designed to handle. Contactors are used for loads that
have comparatively higher currents and higher system voltages.

 Relays often have normally closed contacts; contactors usually do not.

 Combination motor starters only use contactors

 Switching times are much faster for relays

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 Regulated Power Supply

: A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating current)

to a constant DC (Direct current). A regulated power supply is used to
ensure that the output remains constant even if the input changes.
A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is
an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks.

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Regulated Power Supply

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 Function Generator

A function generator is a specific form of signal generator that is able to

generate waveforms with common shapes. Unlike RF generators and
some others that only create sine waves, the function generator is able
to create repetitive waveforms with a number of common shapes.

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 Multimeter

A multimeter is one of the most useful tools for any electrical purpose,

such as testing the voltage, current, resistance, and continuity
measurements and more. There are two types of multimeters available
such as analog and digital.

Analog Digital

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 CRO

The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is an electronic test instrument,

it is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are given. In
the early days, it is called as an Oscillograph. The oscilloscope observes
the changes in the electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and time
describe a shape and it is continuously graphed beside a scale. By seeing
the waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude, frequency,
rise time, distortion, time interval, and etc.

It is typically divided into four sections which

are display, vertical controllers, horizontal
controllers, and Triggers.

The applications of CRO are mainly involved

in the radio, TV receivers, also in laboratory
work involving research and design.

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Thank you

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