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What is Research?
A systematic means of problem solving (Tuckman
1978). It involves the collection, analysis and
interpretation of data to increase our understanding
of a topic or problem.

5 key qualities/ characteristics:

1. Systematic – research process
2. Logical – induction/deduction
3. Empirical – evidence based
4. Reductive – generalisation
5. Replicable – methodology
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Qualities of a good Research design:

Good research is systematic: It means that research is
structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified
sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules.
Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out
creative thinking but it certainly does reject the use of
guessing and intuition in drawing conclusions.
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Good research is logical: This implies that research is

guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical
process of induction and deduction are of great value in
carrying out research.
Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the
whole
whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some
premise to a conclusion.
In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful
in the context of decision making.
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Good research is empirical (practical): It implies

that research is related basically to one or more
aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete
data that provides a basis for external validity to
research results.

Good research is replicable: This characteristic

allows research results to be verified by replicating
the study and thereby building a sound basis for
decisions.
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Criteria for Good Research Topic:

1. Relevance
2. Avoidance of duplication
3. Feasibility
4. Political acceptability
5. Applicability
6. Urgency of data needed
7. Ethical acceptability
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1. The purpose of the research should be clearly

defined and common concepts must not be
confusing.
2. The research procedure used should be described
in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to
repeat the research for further advancement.
3. The procedural design of the research should be
carefully planned to yield results.
4. The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate
their effects upon the findings.
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5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently

adequate to reveal its significance and the methods
of analysis used should be appropriate.
6. The validity and reliability of the data should be
checked carefully.
7. Conclusions should be confined to those justified
by the data of the research and limited to those for
which the data provide an adequate basis.
8. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the
researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research and is a person of integrity.
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Review the Available

Literature

Publish Findings Formulate a

Question

Research Process
Interpret Findings Select an Appropriate
Research Design

Collect Relevant Data

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Research Process
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Steps to Follow When Conducting Research

The research process is a planned sequence that consists of
the following six steps:
1. Developing a statement of the research question
2. Developing a statement of the research hypothesis
3. Defining the instrument, methods, variables and
invariables
4. Gathering the data
5. Analysing the data
6. Drawing conclusions regarding the hypothesis
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General Characteristics of Research:

1. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary source.
2. It places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles.
3. It is an exact, systematic and accurate investigation.
4. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.
5. It is logical and objective.
6. The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences.
7. It endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms.
8. Research is done in patience and unhurried manner.
9. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
10. Careful conclusions and generalisations.
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Specific Characteristics of Research:

1. A sound philosophy is the basis of research.
2. Research is based on insight and imagination.
3. Research requires an interdisciplinary approach.
4. Research should come out of a desire to do things better.
5. Research is not the field of the specialist only.
6. Research generally requires inexpensive material.
7. Research is based on subjectivity and intangibility of social
phenomena.
8. Research is perhaps incapable of being dealt through empirical
method.
9. Research cannot be a mechanical process.
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Objectives of Research
1. Theoretical objective (formulate the new theories, principles or
laws; explanatory in nature)
2. Factual objective (find out new facts; descriptive in nature)
3. Application objective (suggests new applications; improvement and
modification in practice)

The first two types of objectives of research contribute new

knowledge in the form of new theory and facts in a particular field of
study or discipline.

The third objective does not contribute to knowledge but suggests

new application for practical problems.
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