BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PROJECT AND FACILITY MANAGEMENT

WITH HONOURS (BPFM)

EBFD2103

FACILITY DESIGN MANAGEMENT

PENGURUSAN REKA BENTUK KEMUDAHAN

JANUARI 2022  
NAME: ABD SHUKOR BIN MD SUBAHIR
  820416015251001
MATRICULATION NO:
 
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 820416-01-5251

TELEPHONE NO. : 013-6312908

E-MAIL: sshukor@oum.edu.my

LEARNING CENTRE: OUM SRI RAMPAI

 Introduction
• For people in the education field, student outcomes are
the most important indicator of success.

• Practically everything revolves around boosting student

learning achievements, including funding, professional
development for teachers, the implementation of
standardized tests and enrichment or remediation
opportunities for students.
Relation of interior design and Student Performance

• The connection between classroom design and

learning outcomes is more than simple conjecture.
Recent scientific research backs this up.

• A 2015 study published in the journal Building and

Environment found that changing some core
elements of classroom design can increase student
learning outcomes by 16 percent.

• According to the study, factors such as air quality,

lighting and students’ sense of ownership of their
classroom all affected the students’ ability to learn .
Air Quality
According to the Building and Environment study, good air quality and comfortable room temperatures
improved student progress by 28%.

Teachers can decorate their classrooms with plants to improve the air quality and brighten up the room.
In rooms without local control of the thermostat, fans or space heaters can help regulate the
temperature.

Choice
Student choice is a major factor in creating an ideal learning environment. Letting students choose how
they learn gives them a feeling of ownership and creates a sense of community in the classroom.

Educators can accomplish this by providing flexible seating options and allowing students to decide
where they’ll do their best work. Flexible seating options can include:

• Bean bag chairs

• Individual workstations
• Mats or cushions
• Sofas and couches
• Standing desks or tables
• Tables and chairs
Complexity
The overall layout and interior design aspects of the classroom—including the use of color—create an environment that is
either stimulating or not. The Building and Environment study shows that a balanced layout with wall displays and
perhaps an accent wall can increase student progress by 23%.

Desk Arrangement
How desks or seating options are arranged has a significant influence on student engagement and the prevalence of active
learning. In the Steelcase study, both students and faculty experienced over 30% more engagement in classrooms with
new desk configurations over the old standard of traditional rows.

The most impactful desk arrangements are designed with collaboration and flexibility in mind. Desks and chairs should be
easily moveable—consider options with wheels on the bottom—to accommodate any given learning scenario, from small
group collaboration to larger group learning labs or independent work.

Light
Industrial-style fluorescent lights are unattractive and, worse, may interfere with student learning. In particular, students
with autism or sensitive hearing might find the buzzing of fluorescents distracting.

Natural light is ideal for classroom environments. In fact, students in classrooms with big windows and daylight achieve
20% faster progress in reading and math, according to a Heschong Mahone study cited in Science Direct.

Teachers whose classrooms don’t have windows can use lamps with natural light bulbs to create a similar effect.
 Colour Effects on Students’ Performance
• One of the relation of interior design and students’ performance is the colour of the classroom.

• Researchers have proofed the relation of colour and human performance. They have identify that
red improves cognitive performance (Kwallek and Lewis, 1990, in Mehta and Zhu, 2009)

• Red colour was initiate to rouse averting motivation and to develop cognitive performance
relating to detail orientated jobs (Mehta and Zhu, 2009).

• Another researchers specify that the blue shall stimulate systematic thinking in human (Soldat et
al., 1997, in Mehta and Zhu, 2009). This colour is being recommended in creativity job (Mehta
and Zhu, 2009).

• While the blue light indicated that it could develop cognitive performance (Lehrl et al., 2007, in
O’Connor, 2011).

• As a conclusion, color or lights in facility design of the school plays a fairly important role in order
to gain staff performance at the optimum level
The stereotypical classroom has had the same design for decades. Think back to some of the classrooms you
occupied as a student or the way classes are portrayed in movies. You’re likely visualizing the oversized
teacher’s desk set up in a corner, along with student desks organized in neat rows.

Research by Steelcase shows that rearranging the rows of desks into grouped configurations improves all of
the following aspects of learning:

• Ability to engage in preferred learning methods

• Active involvement
• Collaboration
• Creation of an enriching experience
• Feeling comfortable to participate
• Focus In-class feedback
• Opportunity to engage
• Physical movement
• Real-life scenarios
• Repeated exposure to the material through multiple means
• Stimulation
Classroom design has the power to impact students’ well-being and
motivation, either for better or for worse.

As students have to spend large chunks of time in school, classrooms should

be welcoming and warm to boost student morale. Additionally, classroom
design can facilitate the learning experiences of students with special needs,
including ADD, ADHD and specific learning disabilities.

Educators can provide various types of workspaces to maximize the

classroom’s potential for students who learn in different ways. Those
workspaces may include:

• A classroom library sectioned off with shelves and comfy chairs for reading
• A common area, maybe on a large rug or around a large table, for class
discussions
• A research center with a computer workstation
• Desk or room dividers or study carousels for independent, focused work
• Tables and chairs for small group collaborative work
CLASSROOM
 4 Facility Design Management Concept

•Place
•People
•Process
•Technology
• Physical facilities refers to the school plant, that is, the
school buildings, classrooms, library, laboratories, toilet
facilities, offices and other materials and infrastructures
that would likely motivate students towards learning.
• Physical facilities are germane to effective learning and
academic performance of students. In support of this,
Hallak (1990), identified facilities as the main factor
contributing to academic achievement in the school
system.
• They include the school buildings, classroom, libraries,
laboratories and recreational equipment among others.
• Adewunmi (2000), corroborated Chandan’s (1999)
view, he revealed that the availability of adequate
number of physical facilities had significant influence
on pupil’s academic performance.
• Ademilua (2000), in his study observed that
inadequate provision of school resources has been a
major factor of poor students academic performance
in Ekiti State. He equally remarked that without
adequate physical resources/facilities there would be
a continuous decline in students academic
performance.
CAFETERIA
HOSTEL
The Impact of Facilities

Improving the quality of school facilities is an expensive undertaking. However, when the
positive impacts of facility improvement on teachers and students are translated into dollar
figures, the rewards of such investments far outstrip the cost of the investments. There are
five primary facets of school facilities: acoustics/noise, air quality, lighting, temperature, and
space. These are addressed below.

Acoustics and Noise

Noise levels greatly affect teacher and student performance. In fact, excessive noise causes
dis-satisfaction and stress in both teachers and students. Research has found that schools
that have classrooms with less external noise are positively associated with greater student
engagement and achievement compared to schools with classrooms that have noisier
environments. Thus, building schools that buffer external noise from classrooms can
improve student outcomes.
Air Quality
Indoor air quality is also a concern because poor air quality is a major
contributor to absenteeism for students with asthma. Research also
indicates that many schools suffer from “sick building syndrome” which
affects the absenteeism and performance of all students. Moreover,
bacteria, viruses, and allergens that contribute to childhood disease
are commonly found in schools with poor ventilation systems.

Indoor pollutants are also emitted from office equipment, flooring

materials, paints, adhesives, cleaning products, pesticides, and insects.
All of these environmental hazards can negatively affect children,
particularly in schools with poor ventilation systems.
Lighting
• Before the advent of cheap electricity, schools often relied
on natural lighting. As electric power costs declined, the
amount of artificial light used in schools increased.
• Research has shown that artificial lighting has negative
impacts on those in schools while natural lighting has
positive impacts. In fact, research has shown that not only
does classroom lighting boost the morale of teachers and
students, appropriate amounts of natural lighting also
reduces off-task behavior and improves test scores.
• One study found that students with the most exposure to
natural daylight progressed 20% faster in in math and 26%
faster in reading than students who were taught in
environments with the least amount of natural light.
Proper Temperature and Control of Temperature
• One consistent research finding across individuals of all ages is
that the temperature in which a person works affects
engagement levels and overall productivity—including student
achievement. Anyone that has worked in a classroom or office
that is too hot or too cold knows how difficult it can be when
trying to work when the temperature is uncomfortable.

• To maintain such a temperature in every classroom within a

school, teachers typically need to be able to control the
temperature in their own classroom. At the very least, teachers
should be able to control the temperature of small blocks of
classrooms that receive the same amount of sunlight and have
similar exposures to outside temperatures.
Classroom Size and Space
• Overcrowded classrooms—and schools—have consistently been
linked to increased levels of aggression in students. Overcrowded
classrooms are also associated with decreased levels of student
engagement and, therefore, decreased levels of learning.
• Alternatively, classrooms with ample space are more conducive to
providing appropriate learning environments for students and
associated with increased student engagement and learning.
Classroom space is particularly relevant with the current emphasis on
21st century learning such as ensuring students can work in teams,
problem solve, and communicate effectively.
• Classrooms with adequate space to reconfigure seating arrangements
facilitate the use of different teaching methods that are aligned to
21st century skills. Creating private study areas as well as smaller
learning centers reduces visual and auditory interruptions, and is
positively related to student development and achievement.
Twenty-First Century Learning
• Policymakers, educators, and business people are now
focused on the need to ensure that students learn
21st century skills such as teamwork, collaboration,
effective communication, and other skills.
• As noted above, older buildings simply are not
conducive to the teaching of 21st century skills. This is
particularly true with the respect to reconfiguring
seating arrangements to facilitate various modes of
teaching and learning and the use of technology in the
classroom as a mode of teaching and learning.
Conclusions

• A large body of research over the past century has

consistently found that school facilities impact teaching and
learning in profound ways.
• Yet state and local policymakers often overlook the impact
facilities can play in improving outcomes for both teachers
and students.
• While improving facilities comes at a financial cost, the
benefits of such investments often surpass the initial fiscal
costs.
• Policymakers, thus, should focus greater attention on the
impacts of facilities and adopt a long-term cost-benefit
perspective on efforts to improve school facilities.
 Team Pods
The first two classroom
layouts create subdivided
spaces similar to an office
environment. Students are
able to work in two-to-three
groups per classroom. In this
arrangement, the teacher
can still use the main
teaching wall for the entire
classroom.
 Teaching in the Round 
The second two classroom
layouts encourage teaching
in the round. The teacher
or students can present
from the center. If students
are doing individual work,
the teacher can make the
rounds to assist as needed.
Both options support 12
student desks and one
teacher’s desk.
 Traditional and 21  Century Learning
st

The final two classroom

layouts span the gamut
from 21st century learning
to a more traditional “sage
on the stage” approach to
education. Both options
accommodate 14 to 15
student desks. Layout 5
requires multiple Plexiglas
or whiteboard dividers to
provide additional safety.
• Stagger desks where possible and
position to face the same direction
• Utilize natural daylight where
possible
• Utilize operable windows for outside
air intake if possible
• Remove non-essential furniture,
equipment, and instructional
materials to increase floor area and
ease of cleaning
• Enhance acoustic treatment so
students can hear and be heard
through masks (ceiling application in
this example)
• Provide touchless handwashing
hygiene station near door
• Map the floor surface to delineate
circulation and/or furniture location
• Provide conferencing and
“shareware” software to facilitate
remote learning
• Provide touchless drinking water
dispenser
• Post hygiene, cleaning and sanitizing
signage where staff and students
can easily see it
• Ensure additional touchless trash
cans are placed near entrances
References

• Adewunmi, T.B. (2000). The Influence of Physical Resources on pupils Academic Performance in
Lagos State Primary School. Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation, University of Benin.
• Hallak, J. (1990). Investing in the Future Setting Educational Priorities in the Developing World.
Paris. IIEP and Pergamon Press.
• Chandan, J.S. (1999). Management Theory and Practice. New Delhi Vikas Publishing House. PUT.
Ltd.
• Ademilua, A.A. (2002). Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance in some selected
schools in Ekiti
• State. Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation. University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
• Mehta, R. and Zhu, R.J. (2009), “Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task
performances”, Science Express, Vol. 323 No. 5918, pp. 1226-9
• O’Connor, Z. (2011), “Colour psychology and colour therapy: caveat emptor”, Color Research and
Application, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 229-34.
THANK YOU!