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Education Power Point November 2019
Education Power Point November 2019
Education Power Point November 2019
E 202
Psychology /72 hours
- The word, ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. Psyche
means ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’ means ‘science’.
psychology was first defined as the ‘science of soul”.
- According to earlier psychologists, the function of psychology was to study the nature,
origin and destiny of the human soul.
But soul is something metaphysical.
It cannot be seen, observed and touched and we cannot make scientific experiments on
soul.
Cont’
- In the 18th century, psychology was understood as the ‘Science of Mind’. William James
(1892) defined psychology as the science of mental processes. But the word ‘mind ‘ is also
quite ambiguous as there was confusion regarding the nature and functions of mind.
- Modern psychologists defined psychology as the “Science of Consciousness”. James
Sully (1884) defined psychology as the “Science of the Inner World”. Wilhelm Wundt
(1892) defined psychology as the science which studies the “internal experiences’. But
there are three levels of consciousness – conscious, subconscious and the unconscious and
so this definition also was not accepted some.
Cont’
- In the 18th century, psychology was understood as the ‘Science of Mind’. William James
(1892) defined psychology as the science of mental processes. But the word ‘mind ‘ is also
quite ambiguous as there was confusion regarding the nature and functions of mind.
- Modern psychologists defined psychology as the “Science of Consciousness”. James
Sully (1884) defined psychology as the “Science of the Inner World”. Wilhelm Wundt
(1892) defined psychology as the science which studies the “internal experiences’. But
there are three levels of consciousness – conscious, subconscious and the unconscious and
so this definition also was not accepted some.
Cont.
There are various goals of modern psychology, some of the most important ones are as
follows:
To orient individuals with psychological concepts to enable them to understand the nature.
To provide knowledge about mental health.
The mental health of psychologists, teachers, students, and other professionals is very
important for efficient functioning.
From the study of psychology, teachers and psychologists can also know the various factors
that are responsible for mental ill health and maladjustment of students.
Cont.
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behavioral
Psychoanalytical
Structuralism-
Utilized analytic introspection “looking within” a procedure aimed at analyzing the mental
experience into three basic mental elements: images, feelings, and sensations.
Behavioral-
John Watson. Focused on observable behavior, overt behavior which can be recorded and
subjected to verification. Stimulus- response.
Psychoanalytical
Abnormal Psychology
Biopsychology
Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Comparative Psychology
Counseling Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Social Psychology etc
Abnormal Psychology
The focus here is the assessment and appropriate treatment of mental illness and abnormal
behaviours.
Cognitive Psychology
This field of psychology studies animal behavior. Comparative psychologists work closely
with biologists, ecologists, anthropologists, and geneticists.
Counseling Psychology:
the focus is on providing therapeutic interventions for clients who are struggling with some
mental, social, emotional or behavioral issue.
It also looks at living well, so people reach their maximum potential in life.
Developmental Psychology:
This looks at lifespan human development, from the cradle to the grave. It looks at what
changes, and what stays the same, or even deteriorates over time. Also, whether growth
and change is continuous, or is associated with certain ages and stages. Another area of
interest is the interaction of genes and the environment.
Educational Psychology:
This focuses attention on learning, remembering, performing and achieving. It includes the
effects of individual differences, gifted learners and learning disabilities.
Experimental Psychology:
all of psychology emphasizes the central importance of the scientific method, designing
and applying experimental techniques, then analyzing and interpreting the results is the
main job of experimental psychologists.
Forensic Psychology
This branch of psychology promotes physical, mental and emotional health – including
preventative and restorative strategies.
It looks at how people deal with stress, and cope with and recover from, illnesses.
Human Factors Psychology:
This is an umbrella category that looks at such areas as ergonomics, workplace safety,
human error, product design, and the interaction of humans and machines.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology:
It includes the study of group behaviour, social norms, conformity, prejudice, nonverbal
behaviour/ body language, and aggression.
Sports Psychology:
This area investigates how to increase and maintain motivation, the factors that contribute
to peak performance, and how being active can enhance our lives.
BRANCHES OF APPLIED
PSYCHOLOGY
Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome
problems in real life situations.
Mental health, organizational psychology, business management, education, health,
product design, , and law are just a few of the areas that have been influenced by the
application of psychological principles and findings.
Some of the areas of applied psychology include clinical psychology, counseling
psychology, evolutionary psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, legal
psychology, neuropsychology, occupational health psychology, human factors, forensic
psychology, engineering psychology, school psychology, sports psychology traffic
psychology, community psychology, medical psychology.
BRANCHES OF APPLIED
PSYCHOLOGY
Educational psychology
Clinical psychology
Environmental psychology
Health psychology
School psychology
Sport psychology
Traffic psychology
FEATURES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
This domain is primarily concerned with the development of attitudes and values ,and
deals with feelings ,likes and dislikes. Attitudes are feelings of like and dislike towards
objects people in our environment. Like most aspects of human behavior, attitudes are
learned and result from experience. for example students may develop some types of
attitudes towards school.
If their experiences with school have been pleasurable, then their attitudes will be
positive .on the other hand, if they constantly encounter boredom and frustration in
school ,their attitudes about school will tend to be negative.
Teachers therefore, have the responsibility of ensuring that students develop positive
attitudes towards their subjects, themselves, others and the school.
Psychomotor domain
This is concerned with the development of muscular skills and coordination. it deals with
the development of skills that require efficient coordination between our brains and
muscles .
it emphasizes the development of manipulative skills and abilities as well as coordination .
psychomotor skills are emphasized mostly in vocational technical schools where
individuals develop skills of how to type ,operate a machine ,print ,drive ,etc. in secondary
schools ,psychomotor skills are least considered ,teachers concentrate mainly on cognitive
domain , teachers should help students to develop these skills.
Cognitive domain
Education
Cure of abnormal diseases
Industrial and trade
Assists in the solutions of personal problems
Help in understanding of others
Recruitment in service
Education
Education has made radical reforms in the field of education and has thrown lights to the
contemporary syllabi and methods of education. Education process from techniques of
instruction to learning abilities has been revolutionized.
Corporal punishment as a form of correcting misconduct has been replaced by psychological
techniques of behavior modification such as taken economy, extinction ,isolation in block
room, persuasion, etc. it has provided educationalists with knowledge of how to solve
classroom problems, how to teach learners of a given development.
Cure of abnormal diseases
Psychology assists industrialists to know the interests and reactions of people so that the
goods manufactured are made according to tastes.
The widest application of general psychology has enabled industrialists to consider what to
manufacture, how to manufacture the products, who to sell the products to and how to sell
the product.
Knowledge of psychology has helped in finding solutions to industrial disputes, how to
motivate employees, the problem of strikes, lockouts and generally problems between
employers and employees.
Assists in the solutions of personal problems
Psychology does not only help in the solution of the social problems but also in finding
solutions of problems affecting an individual.
Man is able to understand himself due to knowledge of psychology and self-understanding
is the way to self-control that leads one to future success in life.
Psychology has changed man’s attitudes towards folk beliefs i.e superstitions regarding the
nature of dreams, various abnormalities etc.
it has helped the people change their character to control their conduct and to apply
principle of adjustment to novel situations.
Help in understanding of others
Psychology does not only help one in understanding oneself but also in understanding
others.
It encourages interpersonal relations among people
it eliminates if not reduces group biases and hatred between/ among people from different
races, ethnic groups, nationalities and socio-cultural backgrounds.
It is also helpful in all sorts of primary and secondary relations such as in family setting,
clubs, schools, colleges and universities and in the playing field.
It assists in understanding between parents and children, teachers and students, in
maintaining harmony between couples, lovers, friends etc.
Recruitment in service
Psychology has helped employers in finding suitable employees for different kinds of
work.
Employees can secure work suited to their capacities and talents.
It has also helped in improving working conditions and to minimize fatigue and using
human talents and capacity to the utmost efficiency.
The knowledge of psychology has assisted in creating labour welfare unions in the
modern world.
Relationship between psychology and other
disciplines
Psychology is related to many disciplines, particularly those that fall within the category of
social sciences.
.
Psychology with philosophy
Psychology and philosophy are closely related in the sense that before 1879 the former was
part of the latter.
While psychology is the systematic study of behavior and mental processes of an
individual, philosophy on the other hand is the study of knowledge and understanding of
the nature and meaning of the world and human life.
Psychology and sociology
Psychology studies behavior and experiences of an individual. Behavior includes all overt
and cognitive activities.
Sociology on the other hand studies the social relationships, institutions, groups, etc.
while psychologists focus on an individual’s behavior, sociologists study group behavior
as well as the behavior of an individual in a group.
Psychology and anthropology
General psychology studies behavior such as learning, motivation and perception and
intelligence.
Anthropology on the other hand is concerned with the culture of a group, its technology,
beliefs, etc.
for instance, cultural anthropology studies individual’s behavior in social circumstances,
while psychology lays emphasize on individual’s behavior.
Psychology with political science
Human behavior and heredity are basically determined by nature and nurture.
Nature stands for biological inheritance or heredity while nurture stands for the
experiences and environment that shape a person’s body, mind and personality
Heredity (nature)
This refers to the analysis of similarity between offspring and parents, in other words it
refers to the biological mechanism or process that is responsible for transmission of certain
characteristics or traits from generation to generation.
Heredity plays its role at the time of conception when the female ovum (egg) comes into
contact with the male sperm in the fallopian tube.
It is during this time that certain characteristics or traits are transferred from parents to
offspring.
The parents contribute the genes that determine many of the physical, mental and
emotional characteristics.
In other world heredity is mainly concerned with reflex and instinctive behavior or traits.
Environment (nurture)
This refers to social that act on an individual. These factors influence an individual’s
behavior. The social factors includes a person’s family, the school, television shows that
one watches, the books he or she reads and the friends he or she interacts with.
These factors are accountable for the interests, attitudes, aptitudes, habits, temperament,
etiquette and cultural norms.
Well-adjusted children can be found in any environment but they are mostly likely to be
found where families, schools and community combine to inculcate good morals in
children.
Implications of Educational Psychology
to Classroom Situations
Educational Psychology allows the teacher to know the tone of his/her classroom.
It assists the teacher to understand the behaviour of every member of his/her
classroom.
It affords the teacher the opportunity to know the factors that can enhance or impede
teaching-learning activities.
It helps the teacher to appreciate the importance of motivation, and how and when to
motive the students in the classroom.
It equips the teacher to know or be able to predict what might likely happen to a
learner in terms of his/her personality, developmental stages and psychological
problem.
It gives the teacher the opportunity of varying his/her instructional strategies
based on the behavior of the students in the classroom.
It is a known fact that no particular instructional method is regarded as the best.
Educational Psychology enables the teacher to understand the interest of the
learners and how to follow this in planning the curriculum or learning contents.
Cont’
It aids/guides the teacher in grading or placing the learners into a particular class.
Feedback is an important aspect in the learning situation, a constant evaluation of
students’ performance will serve as a yardstick of measuring or assessing
whether the students are responding positively to learning situation or there is a need
for the teacher to adjust his/her teaching style.
It also assists the teacher to assess his/her effectiveness.