Skeletal

System

Donna Marie S. Remolacio, RN

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
Functions:

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Movement

4. Storage

5. Blood cells production

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
- are made up connective tissues

- Four types of bones:

> Long bones – upper and lower limbs
> Short bones – wrist and ankle
> Flat bones – skull bones, ribs, scapulae
> Irregular bones – vertebrae and facial bones

- Bones consist of 270 at birth and 206 as they reach adolescence

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
> Diaphysis - central shaft of long bones
> Epiphysis – ends of long bones
> Articular cartilage – a thin layer that covers the ends of the
epiphyses where the bones articulates with other bone

> Epiphyseal plate or grow plate – composed of cartilage, between each

epiphysis and diaphysis that can be seen on long bones that are still growing
- site of growth in bone length

> Epiphyseal line – they replaced the epiphyseal plate when it stops growing

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
 Medullary cavity – cavity of the bone
 Marrow – soft tissue in the medullary cavities

Red Marrow Yellow Marrow

- Consist of blood –forming - consist of mostly fats
cells and is the ONLY site of blood
formation

 Periosteum – dense connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the
bone which contains blood vessels and nerves

 Endosteum– a thinner connective tissue membrane that can be found on the

surface of the medullary cavity
DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
 Osteoblasts – can be found on periosteum and endosteum which
functions in the formation of bone, as well as in the repair and remodeling of
bone
 Osteocytes – it is when osteoblast are surrounded by matrix

Two Major types of bones

Compact bone Cancellous

- Mostly solid matrix and cells - consist of lacy network of bone with many
small, marrow- filled spaces
- “ spongy bones”

DMSR, RN
DMSR, RN
DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
 Bone Ossification – formation of bone by osteoblasts
- It involves the synthesis of an organic matrix containing collagen and
proteoglycans and the addition of hydroxyapatite crystals to the matrix

Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification

- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce
bone in connective tissue membranes
- Occurs primarily in skull
- Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective
tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to
form trabeculae
- It begins at ossification centers

DMSR, RN
 Endochondral ossification
1. A cartilage with the general shape of
the mature bone is produced by
chondrocytes. A perichondrium surrounds
most of the cartilage model.

2. A bone collar is produced and the

perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes
the periosteum. The chondrocytes
hypertrophy, and cartilage is calcified.

3. A primary ossification center forms as

blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the
calcified cartilage.

4. Secondary ossification centers from in

the epiphyses of long bones.
DMSR, RN
 Endochondral ossification

 The center of part of the diaphysis, where bone first begins to appear is
called PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER

 Osteoblast invade spaces on the center of the bone left by the dying
cartilage cells. Some of the calcified cartilage matrix is removed by cells
called OSTEOCLASTS

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
 Bone Growth – occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or
another connective tissue
- process is called appositional growth

 Bone Elongation– occurs at the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes proliferate,

hypertrophy, die and are replaced by a new bones

 Bone Elongation– occurs at the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes proliferate,

hypertrophy, die and are replaced by a new bones

 Bone Remodeling – involves removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the

deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.
– it is responsible for changes in bone shape, adjustment of bone to stress,
bone repair, and calcium iron regulation in the body fluids
DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System
 Bone Repair

DMSR, RN
 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis

Parathyroid hormone
BONE - produced from parathyroid glands which stimulates to
- Is the major increase bone breakdown and increased blood Ca levels by
storage site for indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity.
calcium in the
body, and the - it also increases Ca reabsorption from the urine on the
movement of kidney and stimulates the kidneys to form active VITAMIN
calcium helps to D, which increases Ca absorption from the small intestines.
determine blood Decreasing blood Ca levels stimulates PTH secretion
calcium levels,
which is critical Calcitonin
for normal - secreted from the thyroid gland, decreases osteoclast
muscle and activity and thus decreases blood Ca levels
nervous system
function.
DMSR, RN
 Bone Anatomy

DMSR, RN
 Bone Anatomy
Foramen – usually exists in a bone because some structures such as a
nerve, or blood vessels, passes through the bone at that point

Canal or Meatus – tunnel-like passage through the bone, found on

elongated bones

Fossa – depression in a bone

Tubercle/Tuberosity – lump on a bone

Process – projection from a bone

Condyle – smooth, rounded end of a bone, where it forms an

articulation
DMSR, RN
 Bone Anatomy
Articulations – “ joints”
- is a place where two bones come together
- not all joints are movable; they inhibit limited movement or
sometimes immovable

 Synarthosis – non-movable joint

 Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint
 Diarthrosis – freely movable joint

- three major structural classes of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous

and synovial

DMSR, RN
 Fibrous joints
Articulations
- consists of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and
that exhibit little or no movement

> Sutures – are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
> Fontanels – are soft spots found on newborn which allow
flexibility in the skull during the birth process, as well as growth of the
head after birth

> Syndesmoses – are fibrous joints in which the bones are

separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments

> Gomphoses – consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place
by ligament

DMSR, RN
 Fibrous joints
Articulations
- consists of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and
that exhibit little or no movement

> Sutures – are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
> Fontanels – are soft spots found on newborn which allow
flexibility in the skull during the birth process, as well as growth of the
head after birth

> Syndesmoses – are fibrous joints in which the bones are

separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments

> Gomphoses – consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place
by ligament

DMSR, RN
 Fibrous joints
Articulations

DMSR, RN
 Fibrous joints
Articulations

Anterior fontanelle closes at

8 – 12 months

Posterior fontanel closes at

1 – 2 months

DMSR, RN
 Articulations
Cartilaginous joints
- unite two bones by means of cartilage
- Only slight movement can occur at these joints

 Fibrocartilage
– cartilage where much strain is placed on
- presence of additional collagen

Synovial joints
- are freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid in a
cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones

DMSR, RN
 Synovial joints
Articulations

DMSR, RN
 Types of Synovial Joints

Plane

Saddle

Hinge

DMSR, RN
 Types of Synovial Joints

Pivot

Ball-and-
socket

Elipsoid
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 Axial Skeleton
- It is divided into skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Skull
- Braincase : encloses the cranial cavity, protects the brain
- Facial bones: forms the structure of the brain

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Axial Skeleton : Skull

Lateral view

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 Axial Skeleton :
Skull

Frontal view

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Axial Skeleton : Skull

Paranasal sinuses
- Opens into nasal cavity

- It decreases the weight of the

skull and act as resonating
chambers during voice
production

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Axial Skeleton

Superior view

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Axial Skeleton

Inferior view

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 Axial Skeleton
- It is divided into skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Vertebral Column
- Backbone

- Is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the
skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis

DMSR, RN
Axial Skeleton : Vertebral Column

Lateral view

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Axial Skeleton : Vertebral Column

Superior view

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 Axial Skeleton : Vertebral Column : Cervical vertebrae

DMSR, RN
 Axial Skeleton :
Vertebral Column :
Thoracic vertebrae

Axial Skeleton :
Vertebral Column :
Lumbar vertebrae

DMSR, RN
 Axial Skeleton : Vertebral Column : Sacrum

DMSR, RN
 Axial Skeleton : Thoracic Cage

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the
girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Pectoral Girdle
- Shoulder

- Consists of four bones, two scapulae and two clavicles, which attach
the upper limb to the body

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton : Pectoral Girdle

Anterior view

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Appendicular
Skeleton :
Pectoral
Girdle

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the
girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Upper Limbs
- Consists of arm, forearm, wrist, hand

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular
Skeleton : Right
Humerus

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular
Skeleton : Right
ulna and radius

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular
Skeleton : Right
wrist and hand

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the
girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Pelvic Girdle
- Place where the lower limbs attach to the body

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular
Skeleton

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton : Coxa

DMSR, RN
 Appendicula
r Skeleton :
Pelvic

DMSR, RN
 Appendicula
r Skeleton :
Pelvic

DMSR, RN
 Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the
girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Lower Limbs
- Consists of the bones of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

DMSR, RN
Appendicular Skeleton :
Lower limb: Thigh

DMSR, RN
Appendicular Skeleton :
Lower limb: Leg

DMSR, RN
Appendicular Skeleton :
Lower limb: Ankle and
Foot

DMSR, RN
 Types of Movements

DMSR, RN
 Types of Movements

DMSR, RN
 Types of Movements

DMSR, RN
 Types of Movements
Flexion
- moves a part of the body in the anterior or ventral to the
coronal plane

Extension
- moves a part in posterior or the coronal plane

Plantar flexion
- movement of the foot toward the plantar surface

Dorsiflexion
- movement of the foot toward the shin

DMSR, RN
 Skeletal System

DMSR, RN
Donna Marie S. Remolacio, RN