FOUNDATION OF

POWER SYSTEM
(LECTURE 1)

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 Introduction
• How electricity is generated
–Magnets & magnetic field
–Conductor/coil & cutting of magnetic field
• The components of basic power system
networking?
–Generation
–Transmission
–Distribution
–Load
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Fig. 1: Basic construction of power system

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 Generation
• Purpose?
• Generating plants
• How it works?

Fig. 2: Fossil fuel electric power Fig. 3: Turbine generator

generating plant.
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 Transmission & Distribution
• Purpose?
• Difference between transmission &
distribution?

Fig. 4: Transmission and distribution system

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• Installation?

Fig. 5: Underground cabling Fig. 6: Overhead transmission

networking

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 Load
• Who/what?
• Needs-varies:
–Residential
–Commercial
–Industrial
• Commercial / industrial: buy ‘bulk’
supply from power utility
–Cost – transformer, cabling

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 Local Power System
• Main power utility/provider
–TNB, SESB, SESCo
• National grid

Fig. 7: Energy grid among ASEAN countries

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• In peninsular Malaysia;
– Generation:
 Power generated : depending on power plant
 Example:
 Manjung (Perak) : 2100 MW, coal fired
 Genting Sanyen (Selangor) : 720 MW, gas fired
combined cycle
 Tanjung Bin (Johor) : 2100 MW, coal fired
 Major primary energy in Malaysia:
1. Natural gas
2. Coal
3. Hydro
4. Oil (back up)
(looking forward into renewable energy & nuclear-2025?)

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 100.0 25000.0
Distillate
90.0

80.0 Coal 20000.0

Oil
70.0

60.0
Hydro 15000.0

Peak Demand, MW
Capacity Mix,%

50.0

40.0 10000.0

30.0 Gas

20.0 5000.0
Historical Projection
10.0

0.0 0.0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year

Gas Hydro Oil Coal Diesel Peak demand

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–Transmission:
 Rated voltage: 500kV, 275kV, 132kV
–Distribution:
Voltage network: 33kV, 11kV and 415/240V.
(22kV and 6.6kV – certain parts of Johor and Perak)
–Load:
 Supply may be provided at any of the declared
voltage (refer to the above voltage ratings)
However, the actual supply voltage provided
depends on the individual applicant’s load
requirements (refer to Table 1):

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 MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE SUPPLY
DEMAND
< 12 kVA Single phase, 2-wire, 240V
LV < 45 kVA 3 phase, 4-wire, 415V
< 1,500 kVA 3 phase, 4-wire, C.T metered, 415V
> 1,500 kVA 3 phase, 3-wire, 11 kV
3 phase, 3-wire, 22 kV / 33 kV (whichever
> 5,000 kVA
HV voltage is available)
3 phase, 3-wire, 66 kV / 132 kV / 275 kV
> 25 MVA
(whichever voltage is available)
Table 1 : Voltage supply intake

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Grid System in Sabah

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 POWER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

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 Introduction
• Distribution system:
–Utility sub system: to provide a means of
economically and reliably distributing power
from one, or occasionally more than one, main
location to a number of geographically dispersed
load centers within a defined site boundary
–Facility sub system : to distributes electrical
power throughout the building

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 Transmission Distribution Load
275 kV, 132 kV 33 kV, 11 kV,
415V / 240V

UTILITY SUB SYSTEM

PMU PPU SSU PE
132 kV / 33 kV, 2 x 90 MVA 33 kV / 11 kV 33 / 22 / 11 kV 11 kV / 415V
132 kV / 22 kV, 2 x 90 MVA 22 kV / 11 kV 22 kV / 415V
132 kV / 11 kV, 2 x 30 MVA

Substations
**voltage drop (<10% PMU to PE)

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 Substations
• Purpose of s/s:
– A place where transformation of voltage from
one voltage level to the other, occur
– Connection of generators, transmission /
distribution line to loads
–Monitoring & recording information
–Switching
s/s can be classified as transmission s/s (HV) &
distribution (LV) s/s

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• Equipment in s/s:
– transformer
•Principle of operation
•Transformer configuration
 ∆-Y :step up transformer

 ∆-∆ :step down transformer

 Y-Y :rarely used - troublesome

 Y-∆ :step down transformer

•Transformers are constructed with taps (boost &

buck)
– switchboard (cap. bank, switchgears)
– fire protection (mechanical), etc
 Space: maintenance
Floor loading - equipment
Trenches

•Substation categories:
–Transmission main intake (PMU)
•Interconnection point of 132 kV or 275 kV to the
distribution network
–Main distribution s/s (PPU)
•Normally applicable for interconnection of 33 kV
networks with 11 kV networks

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–Main switching station (SSU)
•To supply a dedicated bulk customer
•Provide bulk capacity injection or transfer from
PMU/PPU to a load center for localize distribution
–Distribution s/s (PE)
•Divided into 2 types : conventional s/s (indoor &
outdoor) & compact s/s
•Conventional – single chamber, double chamber
(rating, design, spare)
•Compact s/s- limited application (when, why)

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